1/6/2014. Welcome Back! Do now:

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1 Welcome Back! Do now: 1/6/2014 -Discuss with your shoulder partners What was your favorite thing you did over winter break? -Take out your EOC Sample Questions any questions for me right now? Agenda: DNA Notes and Vocab

2 Patrick, James Watson, Betty Kutter, Elizabeth Thomas Cold Springs Harbor School of Biological Sciences, NY

3 DNA Warm up: Answer these questions to the best of your ability in your notebook: 1. What is DNA? 2. Where is DNA found? 3. What does DNA look like? Draw it to the best of your ability.

4 DNA What is it? Blueprint for the cell tells the cell what proteins to make. Where is it? Nucleus in Eukaryotes (Mitochondria & chloroplasts also). Nucleoid in Prokaryotes

5 What is DNA Made of? Deoxyribose sugar Phosphate Base

6 DNA/Protein Synthesis Vocab On the foldable we made before break: Use Elephant Book, Chapter 7 (pa ) to write a definition and/or picture for the terms/questions

7 DNA and Protein Synthesis Do Now: 1/13/14 Take out your notebooks, asap! Make an entry in your TOC for today s date DNA and Protein Synthesis In notebook, answer what are the three main parts of DNA? (we talked about this last week!) Agenda: DNA Structure Notes and questions. NOTE Thu lab day in CTE Hall see board!

8 What is DNA and How does it work? 9-11 LS1E_DNA and Protein Synthesis The genetic information responsible for inherited characteristics is encoded in the DNA molecules in chromosomes. DNA is composed of four subunits (A,T,C,G). The sequence of subunits in a gene specifies the amino acids needed to make a protein. Proteins express inherited traits (e.g., eye color, hair texture) and carry out most cell function.

9 DeoxyriboNucleic Acid Erwin Chargaff A=T, G=C What is DNA? James Watson, Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin Model of DNA Double stranded structure Bases inside

10 Nucleotide: A, G, C or T Forms sugar Phosphate Backbone What makes DNA Different from RNA? A nucleotide is a phosphate, deoxyribose sugar and a nitrogenous base (A, T, G or C).

11 What are the Structures of the bases? Purines Adenine Guanine

12 What are the structures of the bases? Pyrimidines Thymine Cytosine

13 Base pairing: how it works Hydrogen Bonding between bases: A-T Bonding 2 hydrogen bonds G-C Bonding 3 hydrogen bonds

14 A:T A View of base pairing

15 G:C A View of Base Pairing

16 What is DNA? (click on link for video by Bozeman Science)

17 What is important about base pairs? Can predict sequence of one strand based on the sequence of the other. Replication and Transcription Repair of damaged DNA

18 Replication of DNA Why? When cells replicate, each new cell needs its own copy of DNA. Where? Nucleus in Eukaryotes Cytosol in Prokaryotes

19 Protein Synthesis Process of making proteins from DNA Two main parts: Transcription DNA is transcribed (copied) into RNA (in nucleus of eukaryotes). Translation RNA is translated into protein (in the cytoplasm/ribosomes). Simulation of how protein synthesis progresses (click here) Utah Genetics Transcription & Translation

20 RNA What is the difference between DNA and RNA? Ribose Sugar Uracil not Thymine U binds with A in RNA Used as a messenger Single stranded Types include: Messenger RNA mrna Transfer RNA trna Ribosomal RNA - rrna

21 The Genetic Code

22 1/21/14 Do now: If one strand of DNA reads: ATC CAT GAT What would the other matching strand be? Agenda: Continue with Protein Synthesis Practice Objective: To understand how to read DNA FINAL on Thursday what are we doing?

23 1/24/14 Do now: Short Periods Take out your notebook for some notes Yay! Agenda: Mutation Notes Objective: To understand how to read DNA

24 Mutations Mutations in DNA sequences generally occur through one of two processes: DNA damage from environmental agents such as ultraviolet light (sunshine), nuclear radiation or certain chemicals Mistakes that occur when a cell copies its DNA in preparation for cell division.

25 Types of Mutations Substitution A substitution is a mutation that exchanges one base for another.

26 Insertion Insertions are mutations in which extra base pairs are inserted into a new place in the DNA.

27 Deletion Deletions are mutations in which a section of DNA is lost, or deleted.

28 Frameshift Since protein-coding DNA is divided into codons three bases long, insertions and deletions can alter a gene so that its message is no longer correctly read. These changes are called frameshifts.

29 Implications DNA mutations can be: Inconsequential (make no difference) Cause disease or death of cells Benefit cells There are many different ways cells prevent, repair and deal with mutations.

II. DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid Located in the nucleus of the cell Codes for your genes Frank Griffith- discovered DNA in 1928

II. DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid Located in the nucleus of the cell Codes for your genes Frank Griffith- discovered DNA in 1928 HEREDITY = passing on of characteristics from parents to offspring I. DNA, Chromosomes, Chromatin, and Genes DNA = blueprint of life (has the instructions for making an organism) Chromatin= uncoiled DNA