DNA, Proteins and Protein Synthesis

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1 DNA, Proteins and Protein Synthesis It s what cells do! Biochemical Composition of Living Things Nucleic acids are the instructions for making proteins, proteins make up traits Nucleic Acids - store genetic information universal code (blueprints) for making proteins Proteins - determine physical traits structure - materials for building cells function - ü carry substances throughout the body, in & out of cells ü trigger muscle movements ü assist with all chemical reactions in the body ü protect the body against disease Other important molecules carbohydrates and lipids (fats) Nucleic Acids Building Blocks of Nucleic Acids Nucleotides 3 basic parts: Nucleotides make Nucleic Acids a phosphate group of one nucleotide attaches to the sugar of another nucleotide base pairing - bases bond with complimentary bases 1

2 Nucleic Acids Nucleotides Purines - 2 carbon ring (big) guanine - 3 Hydrogen bonds adenine - 2 Hydrogen bonds Pyrimidines - 1 carbon ring (small) cytosine - 3 Hydrogen bonds thymine - 2 Hydrogen bonds Nucleic Acids - DNA DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid o contains genes o undergoes replication to produce new DNA strands Replication occurs by complimentary base pairing o purine + purine = too big o pyrimidine + pyrimidine = too small o purine + pyrimidine = just right o A and T = two H bonds o C and G = three H bonds Nucleic Acids - DNA DNA Replication ü Produces an exact copy of the DNA molecule ü complimentary base pairing from a template of DNA ü Occurs before cell division - mitosis or meiosis 2

3 Nucleic Acids - DNA DNA Replication ü Occurs simultaneously at many sites, called replication bubbles ü Nucleotides always added from 3 to 5 end ü Results in leading strand and lagging strand Nucleic Acids - RNA RNA - ribonucleic acid decodes genes within the DNA to make proteins 3 types: messenger, transfer, ribosomal Nitrogenous bases = guanine, cytosine, adenine and uracil (not thymine) complimentary base pairing is the same Cytosine-Guanine Adenine-Uracil Comparing DNA & RNA DNA Sugars deoxyribose sugar Number of strands doublestranded Bases A-T G-C Location in the nucleus RNA ribose sugar singlestranded A-U G-C in nucleus, cytoplasm & ribosome DNA" RNA" 3

4 Protein Synthesis DNA Ü RNA Ü Protein Ü Trait! Cells do their business by making proteins! Protein Synthesis DNA blueprint builds RNA in a process called Transcription. RNA is then used to make proteins in a process called Translation. Protein Synthesis - Transcription ü DNA information copied onto mrna with base-pairing rules Adenine + Uracil (not Thymine) Guanine + Cytoseine ü mrna molecule moves to cytoplasm, DNA stays in nucleus 4

5 Protein Synthesis - Translation Glu Met Asp peptide bond ü Nucleic acid language is translated into protein language at the ribosome. ü mrna codon is matched to trna anti-codon. ü trna molecules attach to a specifc amino acid which is added to growing protein. Protein Synthesis - Translation mrna codon = AUG trna anti-codon = UAC amino acid = methionine Protein Synthesis - Translation ü trna molecules are recycled ü Amino acids are attached with peptide bonds to form a polypeptide. 5

6 Protein Synthesis - Translation ü This chart can be used to determine amino acid sequence from the mrna codon. ü Start in the center and work to the outside ü Note that there are several mrna codons for any one amino acid. Protein Synthesis - Translation Use the codon chart from the last slide to confirm the structure of this polypeptide. Proteins = macromolecules Amino Acids = molecules Proteins Amino Acids Ü Proteins proteins differ due to the number, kind, sequence and arrangement of amino acids amino acids are attached to one another by peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains 6

7 Proteins Levels of Structure Polypeptide chains arrange themselves into 3-dimensional structures to form functional proteins (they don t work until this happens) 1º - a straight chain of amino acids 2º - chains bend and twist 3º - twisted chain folds even more; bonds form to hold the 3- dimensional shape 4º - Several polypeptide chains in the tertiary structure come together. This is a functional protein! Proteins Examples - Protein Molecules ü Structural - keratin (hair); collagen/elastin (skin); silk + web proteins in insects ü Storage - ovalbumin (egg white); casein (milk) ü Transport - hemoglobin (blood); cell membrane proteins ü Regulation - hormones (insulin, estrogen) - enzymes (lipase, DNA polymerase) ü Receptors - neurotransmitter receptors (nerve cells) - olfactory receptors (nose) ü Contractile - actin + myosin (muscles) ü Protection - antibodies 7

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