Egg Whites. Spider Webs

Transcription

1 Put down pencils!

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3 Muscles Nails Horns Enzymes Hair Egg Whites Spider Webs

4 What do proteins do? Transport Make Provide up Antibodies Structural in Support your Immune System Example: Hemoglobin carries Oxygen Example: Collagen in Skin

5 Made up of C, H, O, N, and sometimes S

6 What are the monomers of a protein? Amino Acids How many amino acids are there? 20 What are the parts of an amino acid?

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8 How are amino acids joined? With Peptide Bonds (in dehydration synthesis) Two amino acids together are called a Dipeptide Many amino acids are called a Polypeptide Which two groups of the amino acid form a peptide bond?

9 Polypeptide Amino Acid Peptide Bond

10 Does the order of the amino acids in a protein matter? Why? The order of the amino acids affects the SHAPE Why is the shape of the protein important? The shape determines the FUNCTION!

11 Changes in temperature and/or ph affect the shape of the protein this is known as DENATURATION. So if the shape changes, what s affected? The Function of the Protein! Other Causes of Protein Denaturation salt concentration and environmental factors

12 What are some examples of Denatured Proteins? Raw Egg vs. Cooked Egg Raw Meat Vs. Grilled Meat How is the consistency of raw vs. cooked different? Why? nimations/content/proteinstructure.html

13 aka: Catalysts What is an enzyme? A type of protein that speeds up metabolic (chemical) reactions.

14 Reactants What do we end with in a chemical reaction? Time What do we start with in a chemical reaction? Products

15 reactant Products

16 A Catalyst was added! Enzymes lower the activation energy reactant Products

17 Which line would represent With an enzyme a reaction without present? an enzyme present? Reactant Products

18 Enzymes work like a lock and key. Specific enzymes work with specific substrates. enzyme substrate

19 What s a Substrate? a substance on which an enzyme acts during a chemical reaction *enzymes act only on specific substrates

20 What is a product? The substance is formed in a chemical reaction

21 What is an Active Site? The site on an enzyme that attaches to the substrate Is the active site the same for all enzymes and substrates? NO! Only a certain substrate fits into a particular active site

22 Changes in ph and temperature can affect the shape of an enzyme. What will happen if the shape changes? The enzyme can be denatured Why is this not good? Any factor that changes the shape of an enzyme can affect the enzyme s activity

23 Amylase Enzyme found in our saliva Breaks down some starches into glucose molecules So digestion of food occurs in the mouth before it reaches the stomach Pepsin First animal enzyme to be discovered Digestive protease in stomach that works with HCl acid to degrade food proteins into peptides

24 Pick up pencils!

25 Let s Review Protein! Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen & Sulfur Monomer: Amino Acids / 20 different ones Polymer: Polypeptide Chain Made in Which Organelle: Ribosome Function: Structural Support, Antibodies, Transport Examples: Horns, Hair, Nails & Egg Picture: Chains or Blobs

26 Put down pencils!

27 DNA and RNA

28 DNA RNA

29 Made up of C, H, O, N, P

30 Nucleotides are the monomers of Nucleic Acids Nucleotide Phosphate Group 2. 5-Carbon Sugar (Dexoyribose or Ribose) 3. Nitrogen Base

31 Built first double helix model of DNA (spiral staircase) in the 1950 s

32 What s the shape of DNA? Double Helix (Twisted Ladder) How many strands does DNA have? 2 Strands What are the 3 main components of a DNA nucleotide? What is the function of DNA? Stores the cell s genetic information/ encodes traits

33 What two components What does make 3 and up the 5 Mean? backbone of DNA? What Phosphates do you and notice Deoxyribose about the strands? Sugar The strands are ANTIPARALLEL! (DNA is read 5 to 3 )

34 What type makes do of you bond notice forms up the about middle the of DNA? between structures the bases? of Adenine and Which Nitrogen Bases Guanine? Bases Pair? A Hydrogen What Cytosine and T are Bonds and the Thymine? four Nitrogen G Bases and C How many in DNA? Hydrogen Bonds are A between Adenine purine A pairs and T? with a pyrimidine! 2 Thymine Guanine G and C? 3 Cytosine

35 Complementary Base Pairing A=T C=G Chargaff found that adenine always equaled the amount of thymine And that cytosine always equaled the amount of guanine But.amounts differed between different organisms

36 If 30% of the bases in an organism are adenine, what percentage of cytosine is present? There would be 20% Cytosine Adenine (30%) = Thymine (30%) Guanine (20%) = Cytosine (20%) Therefore, 60% A-T + 40% C-G

37 Complete the Strand! Why is the sequence of the nitrogenous bases important? The sequence determines the identity of a gene and therefore the traits of an organism.

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39 How many strands does RNA have? 1 Strand What are the 3 main components of a RNA nucleotide?

40 What two components make up the backbone of RNA? Ribose Sugars and Phosphates What four Nitrogen Bases are found in RNA? Guanine Cytosine Adenine Uracil

41 What bases would be on the RNA strand? What does cytosine base pair with? 3 C = DNA G Strand 5 What does adenine base pair with? A = U C U G U A C G A U G C 5 3

42 RNA is used in Protein Synthesis 3 Types of RNA Transfer Messenger Ribosomal RNA (trna) (rrna) (mrna)

43 DNA RNA Shape Sugar Type Nitrogen Bases Base Pairs Function

44 Pick up pencils!

45 Let s Review Nucleic Acids! Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen & Phosphorous Monomer: Nucleotide Polymer: DNA & RNA 3 parts of Nucleotides: DNA - RNA Deoxyribose Sugar Phosphate Nitrogen Base Ribose Sugar Phosphate Nitrogen Base

46 Let s Review Nucleic Acids! Found In Which Part of the Cell: Nucleus Function: Storage and Transport of Genetic Material Picture of Molecular Structure: Double Helix Single Helix