Biotechnology Regents Biology
|
|
|
- Christine Logan
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Biotechnology
2 We have been manipulating DNA for generations! Artificial breeding/ Selective u creating new breeds of animals & new crop plants to improve our food
3 Animal breeding
4 Breeding food plants Descendants of the wild mustard u the Cabbage family
5 Breeding food plants Evolution of modern corn (right) from ancestral teosinte (left).
6 A Brave New World
7 A Brave New World
8 A Brave New World
9 A Brave New World
10 A Brave New World
11 A Brave New World
12 A Brave New World
13 A Brave New World
14 The code is universal Since all living organisms u use the same DNA u use the same code book u read their genes the same way
15 TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGGATGCCGCGACTATGATC ACATAGACATGCTGTCAGCTCTAGTAGACTAGCTGACT CGACTAGCATGATCGATCAGCTACATGCTAGCACACYC GTACATCGATCCTGACATCGACCTGCTCGTACATGCTA CTAGCTACTGACTCATGATCCAGATCACTGAAACCCTA GATCGGGTACCTATTACAGTACGATCATCCGATCAGAT CATGCTAGTACATCGATCGATACTGCTACTGATCTAGC TCAATCAAACTCTTTTTGCATCATGATACTAGACTAGC TGACTGATCATGACTCTGATCCCGTAGATCGGGTACCT ATTACAGTACGATCATCCGATCAGATCATGCTAGTACA TCGATCGATACTGCTACTGATCTAGCTCAATCAAACTC TTTTTGCATCATGATACTAGACTAGCTGACTGATCATG ACTCTGATCCCGTAGATCGGGTACCTATTACAGTACGA TCATCCGATCAGATCATGCTAGTACATCGATCGATACT
16 TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGGATGCCGCGACTATGATC ACATAGACATGCTGTCAGCTCTAGTAGACTAGCTGACT CGACTAGCATGATCGATCAGCTACATGCTAGCACACYC human genome GTACATCGATCCTGACATCGACCTGCTCGTACATGCTA 3.2 billion bases CTAGCTACTGACTCATGATCCAGATCACTGAAACCCTA GATCGGGTACCTATTACAGTACGATCATCCGATCAGAT CATGCTAGTACATCGATCGATACTGCTACTGATCTAGC TCAATCAAACTCTTTTTGCATCATGATACTAGACTAGC TGACTGATCATGACTCTGATCCCGTAGATCGGGTACCT ATTACAGTACGATCATCCGATCAGATCATGCTAGTACA TCGATCGATACTGCTACTGATCTAGCTCAATCAAACTC TTTTTGCATCATGATACTAGACTAGCTGACTGATCATG ACTCTGATCCCGTAGATCGGGTACCTATTACAGTACGA TCATCCGATCAGATCATGCTAGTACATCGATCGATACT
17 TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGGATGCCGCGACTATGATC ACATAGACATGCTGTCAGCTCTAGTAGACTAGCTGACT CGACTAGCATGATCGATCAGCTACATGCTAGCACACYC human genome GTACATCGATCCTGACATCGACCTGCTCGTACATGCTA 3.2 billion bases CTAGCTACTGACTCATGATCCAGATCACTGAAACCCTA GATCGGGTACCTATTACAGTACGATCATCCGATCAGAT CATGCTAGTACATCGATCGATACTGCTACTGATCTAGC TCAATCAAACTCTTTTTGCATCATGATACTAGACTAGC TGACTGATCATGACTCTGATCCCGTAGATCGGGTACCT ATTACAGTACGATCATCCGATCAGATCATGCTAGTACA TCGATCGATACTGCTACTGATCTAGCTCAATCAAACTC TTTTTGCATCATGATACTAGACTAGCTGACTGATCATG ACTCTGATCCCGTAGATCGGGTACCTATTACAGTACGA TCATCCGATCAGATCATGCTAGTACATCGATCGATACT
18 Can we mix genes from one creature to another?
19 Can we mix genes from one creature to another?
20 Can we mix genes from one creature to another?
21 Can we mix genes from one creature to another?
22 Can we mix genes from one creature to another? YES!
23 Mixing genes for medicine
24 Mixing genes for medicine Allowing organisms to produce new proteins
25 Mixing genes for medicine Allowing organisms to produce new proteins u bacteria producing human insulin
26 Mixing genes for medicine Allowing organisms to produce new proteins u bacteria producing human insulin u bacteria producing human growth hormone
27 How do we do mix genes?
28 How do we do mix genes? Genetic engineering
29 How do we do mix genes? Genetic engineering u find gene
30 How do we do mix genes? Genetic engineering u find gene u cut DNA in both organisms
31 How do we do mix genes? Genetic engineering u find gene u cut DNA in both organisms u paste gene from one creature into other creature s DNA
32 How do we do mix genes? Genetic engineering u find gene u cut DNA in both organisms u paste gene from one creature into other creature s DNA u insert new chromosome into organism
33 How do we do mix genes? Genetic engineering u find gene u cut DNA in both organisms u paste gene from one creature into other creature s DNA u insert new chromosome into organism u organism copies new gene as if it were its own
34 How do we do mix genes? Genetic engineering u find gene u cut DNA in both organisms u paste gene from one creature into other creature s DNA u insert new chromosome into organism u organism copies new gene as if it were its own u organism reads gene as if it were its own
35 How do we do mix genes? Genetic engineering u find gene u cut DNA in both organisms u paste gene from one creature into other creature s DNA u insert new chromosome into organism u organism copies new gene as if it were its own u organism reads gene as if it were its own u organism produces NEW protein: Remember: we all use the same genetic code!
36 Cutting DNA GTAACGAATTCACGCTT CATTGCTTAAGTGCGAA
37 Cutting DNA DNA scissors GTAACGAATTCACGCTT CATTGCTTAAGTGCGAA
38 Cutting DNA DNA scissors u enzymes that cut DNA GTAACGAATTCACGCTT CATTGCTTAAGTGCGAA
39 Cutting DNA DNA scissors u enzymes that cut DNA u restriction enzymes GTAACGAATTCACGCTT CATTGCTTAAGTGCGAA
40 Cutting DNA DNA scissors u enzymes that cut DNA u restriction enzymes used by bacteria to cut up DNA of attacking viruses GTAACGAATTCACGCTT CATTGCTTAAGTGCGAA
41 Cutting DNA DNA scissors u enzymes that cut DNA u restriction enzymes used by bacteria to cut up DNA of attacking viruses EcoRI, HindIII, BamHI GTAACGAATTCACGCTT CATTGCTTAAGTGCGAA
42 Cutting DNA DNA scissors u enzymes that cut DNA u restriction enzymes used by bacteria to cut up DNA of attacking viruses EcoRI, HindIII, BamHI u cut DNA at specific sites GTAACGAATTCACGCTT CATTGCTTAAGTGCGAA
43 Cutting DNA DNA scissors u enzymes that cut DNA u restriction enzymes used by bacteria to cut up DNA of attacking viruses EcoRI, HindIII, BamHI u cut DNA at specific sites enzymes look for specific base sequences GTAACGAATTCACGCTT CATTGCTTAAGTGCGAA
44 Cutting DNA DNA scissors u enzymes that cut DNA u restriction enzymes used by bacteria to cut up DNA of attacking viruses EcoRI, HindIII, BamHI u cut DNA at specific sites enzymes look for specific base sequences GTAACG AATTCACGCTT GTAACGAATTCACGCTT CATTGCTTAA GTGCGAA CATTGCTTAAGTGCGAA
45 Cutting DNA DNA scissors u enzymes that cut DNA u restriction enzymes used by bacteria to cut up DNA of attacking viruses EcoRI, HindIII, BamHI u cut DNA at specific sites enzymes look for specific base sequences GTAACG AATTCACGCTT GTAACGAATTCACGCTT CATTGCTTAA GTGCGAA CATTGCTTAAGTGCGAA
46 Restriction enzymes
47 Restriction enzymes Cut DNA at specific sites
48 Restriction enzymes Cut DNA at specific sites u leave sticky ends
49 Restriction enzymes Cut DNA at specific sites u leave sticky ends GTAACGAATTCACGCTT CATTGCTTAAGTGCGAA
50 Restriction enzymes Cut DNA at specific sites u leave sticky ends restriction enzyme cut site GTAACGAATTCACGCTT CATTGCTTAAGTGCGAA
51 Restriction enzymes Cut DNA at specific sites u leave sticky ends restriction enzyme cut site GTAACGAATTCACGCTT CATTGCTTAAGTGCGAA restriction enzyme cut site
52 Restriction enzymes Cut DNA at specific sites u leave sticky ends restriction enzyme cut site GTAACGAATTCACGCTT CATTGCTTAAGTGCGAA restriction enzyme cut site GTAACG AATTCACGCTT CATTGCTTAA GTGCGAA
53 Sticky ends
54 Sticky ends Cut other DNA with same enzymes
55 Sticky ends Cut other DNA with same enzymes u leave sticky ends on both
56 Sticky ends Cut other DNA with same enzymes u leave sticky ends on both u can glue DNA together at sticky ends
57 Sticky ends Cut other DNA with same enzymes u leave sticky ends on both u can glue DNA together at sticky ends GTAACG AATTCACGCTT CATTGCTTAA GTGCGAA gene you want
58 Sticky ends Cut other DNA with same enzymes u leave sticky ends on both u can glue DNA together at sticky ends GTAACG AATTCACGCTT CATTGCTTAA GTGCGAA GGACCTG AATTCCGGATA CCTGGACTTAA GGCCTAT gene you want chromosome want to add gene to
59 Sticky ends Cut other DNA with same enzymes u leave sticky ends on both u can glue DNA together at sticky ends GTAACG AATTCACGCTT CATTGCTTAA GTGCGAA GGACCTG AATTCCGGATA CCTGGACTTAA GGCCTAT gene you want chromosome want to add gene to GGACCTG AATTCACGCTT CCTGGACTTAA GTGCGAA combined DNA
60 Sticky ends help glue genes together cut sites gene you want cut sites TTGTAACGAATTCTACGAATGGTTACATCGCCGAATTCACGCTT AACATTGCTTAAGATGCTTACCAATGTAGCGGCTTAAGTGCGAA
61 Sticky ends help glue genes together cut sites gene you want cut sites TTGTAACGAATTCTACGAATGGTTACATCGCCGAATTCACGCTT AACATTGCTTAAGATGCTTACCAATGTAGCGGCTTAAGTGCGAA sticky ends AATTCTACGAATGGTTACATCGCCG GATGCTTACCAATGTAGCGGCTTAA isolated gene
62 Sticky ends help glue genes together cut sites gene you want cut sites TTGTAACGAATTCTACGAATGGTTACATCGCCGAATTCACGCTT AACATTGCTTAAGATGCTTACCAATGTAGCGGCTTAAGTGCGAA sticky ends AATTCTACGAATGGTTACATCGCCG GATGCTTACCAATGTAGCGGCTTAA isolated gene cut sites chromosome want to add gene to AATGGTTACTTGTAACG AATTCTACGATCGCCGATTCAACGCTT TTACCAATGAACATTGCTTAA GATGCTAGCGGCTAAGTTGCGAA
63 Sticky ends help glue genes together cut sites gene you want cut sites TTGTAACGAATTCTACGAATGGTTACATCGCCGAATTCACGCTT AACATTGCTTAAGATGCTTACCAATGTAGCGGCTTAAGTGCGAA sticky ends AATTCTACGAATGGTTACATCGCCG GATGCTTACCAATGTAGCGGCTTAA isolated gene cut sites chromosome want to add gene to AATGGTTACTTGTAACG AATTCTACGATCGCCGATTCAACGCTT TTACCAATGAACATTGCTTAA GATGCTAGCGGCTAAGTTGCGAA sticky ends stick together chromosome with new gene added TAACGAATTCTACGAATGGTTACATCGCCGAATTCTACGATC CATTGCTTAAGATGCTTACCAATGTAGCGGCTTAAGATGCTAGC
64 Sticky ends help glue genes together cut sites gene you want cut sites TTGTAACGAATTCTACGAATGGTTACATCGCCGAATTCACGCTT AACATTGCTTAAGATGCTTACCAATGTAGCGGCTTAAGTGCGAA sticky ends AATTCTACGAATGGTTACATCGCCG GATGCTTACCAATGTAGCGGCTTAA isolated gene cut sites chromosome want to add gene to AATGGTTACTTGTAACG AATTCTACGATCGCCGATTCAACGCTT TTACCAATGAACATTGCTTAA GATGCTAGCGGCTAAGTTGCGAA DNA ligase joins the strands sticky ends stick together chromosome with new gene added TAACGAATTCTACGAATGGTTACATCGCCGAATTCTACGATC CATTGCTTAAGATGCTTACCAATGTAGCGGCTTAAGATGCTAGC
65 Sticky ends help glue genes together cut sites gene you want cut sites TTGTAACGAATTCTACGAATGGTTACATCGCCGAATTCACGCTT AACATTGCTTAAGATGCTTACCAATGTAGCGGCTTAAGTGCGAA sticky ends AATTCTACGAATGGTTACATCGCCG GATGCTTACCAATGTAGCGGCTTAA isolated gene cut sites chromosome want to add gene to AATGGTTACTTGTAACG AATTCTACGATCGCCGATTCAACGCTT TTACCAATGAACATTGCTTAA GATGCTAGCGGCTAAGTTGCGAA DNA ligase joins the strands sticky ends stick together Recombinant DNA molecule chromosome with new gene added TAACGAATTCTACGAATGGTTACATCGCCGAATTCTACGATC CATTGCTTAAGATGCTTACCAATGTAGCGGCTTAAGATGCTAGC
66 Why mix genes together? Gene produces protein in different organism or different individual human insulin gene in bacteria TAACGAATTCTACGAATGGTTACATCGCCGAATTCTACGATC CATTGCTTAAGATGCTTACCAATGTAGCGGCTTAAGATGCTAGC
67 Why mix genes together? Gene produces protein in different organism or different individual human insulin gene in bacteria TAACGAATTCTACGAATGGTTACATCGCCGAATTCTACGATC CATTGCTTAAGATGCTTACCAATGTAGCGGCTTAAGATGCTAGC new protein from organism aa ex: human insulin from bacteria aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
68 Why mix genes together? Gene produces protein in different organism or different individual human insulin gene in bacteria TAACGAATTCTACGAATGGTTACATCGCCGAATTCTACGATC CATTGCTTAAGATGCTTACCAATGTAGCGGCTTAAGATGCTAGC new protein from organism aa ex: human insulin from bacteria aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa bacteria
69 Why mix genes together? Gene produces protein in different organism or different individual human insulin gene in bacteria TAACGAATTCTACGAATGGTTACATCGCCGAATTCTACGATC CATTGCTTAAGATGCTTACCAATGTAGCGGCTTAAGATGCTAGC new protein from organism aa ex: human insulin from bacteria aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa bacteria human insulin
70 Why mix genes together? How can bacteria read human DNA? Gene produces protein in different organism or different individual human insulin gene in bacteria TAACGAATTCTACGAATGGTTACATCGCCGAATTCTACGATC CATTGCTTAAGATGCTTACCAATGTAGCGGCTTAAGATGCTAGC new protein from organism aa ex: human insulin from bacteria aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa bacteria human insulin
71 Uses of genetic engineering
72 Uses of genetic engineering Genetically modified organisms (GMO)
73 Uses of genetic engineering Genetically modified organisms (GMO) u enabling plants to produce new proteins
74 Uses of genetic engineering Genetically modified organisms (GMO) u enabling plants to produce new proteins Protect crops from insects: BT corn
75 Uses of genetic engineering Genetically modified organisms (GMO) u enabling plants to produce new proteins Protect crops from insects: BT corn w corn produces a bacterial toxin that kills corn borer (caterpillar pest of corn)
76 Uses of genetic engineering Genetically modified organisms (GMO) u enabling plants to produce new proteins Protect crops from insects: BT corn w corn produces a bacterial toxin that kills corn borer (caterpillar pest of corn) Extend growing season: fishberries
77 Uses of genetic engineering Genetically modified organisms (GMO) u enabling plants to produce new proteins Protect crops from insects: BT corn w corn produces a bacterial toxin that kills corn borer (caterpillar pest of corn) Extend growing season: fishberries w strawberries with an anti-freezing gene from flounder
78 Uses of genetic engineering Genetically modified organisms (GMO) u enabling plants to produce new proteins Protect crops from insects: BT corn w corn produces a bacterial toxin that kills corn borer (caterpillar pest of corn) Extend growing season: fishberries w strawberries with an anti-freezing gene from flounder Improve quality of food: golden rice
79 Uses of genetic engineering Genetically modified organisms (GMO) u enabling plants to produce new proteins Protect crops from insects: BT corn w corn produces a bacterial toxin that kills corn borer (caterpillar pest of corn) Extend growing season: fishberries w strawberries with an anti-freezing gene from flounder Improve quality of food: golden rice w rice producing vitamin A improves nutritional value
80 Bacteria Bacteria are great! u one-celled organisms u reproduce by mitosis easy to grow, fast to grow w generation every ~20 minutes
81 Bacteria Bacteria are great! u one-celled organisms u reproduce by mitosis easy to grow, fast to grow w generation every ~20 minutes
82 Bacteria Bacteria are great! u one-celled organisms u reproduce by mitosis easy to grow, fast to grow w generation every ~20 minutes
83 Bacterial DNA
84 Bacterial DNA Single circular chromosome u only one copy = haploid u no nucleus
85 Bacterial DNA Single circular chromosome u only one copy = haploid u no nucleus Other DNA = plasmids!
86 Bacterial DNA Single circular chromosome u only one copy = haploid u no nucleus Other DNA = plasmids! bacteria chromosome
87 Bacterial DNA Single circular chromosome u only one copy = haploid u no nucleus Other DNA = plasmids! bacteria chromosome plasmids
88 There s more
89 There s more Plasmids
90 There s more Plasmids u small extra circles of DNA
91 There s more Plasmids u small extra circles of DNA u carry extra genes that bacteria can use
92 There s more Plasmids u small extra circles of DNA u carry extra genes that bacteria can use u can be swapped between bacteria
93 There s more Plasmids u small extra circles of DNA u carry extra genes that bacteria can use u can be swapped between bacteria bacterial sex!!
94 There s more Plasmids u small extra circles of DNA u carry extra genes that bacteria can use u can be swapped between bacteria bacterial sex!! rapid evolution = antibiotic resistance
95 There s more Plasmids u small extra circles of DNA u carry extra genes that bacteria can use u can be swapped between bacteria bacterial sex!! rapid evolution = antibiotic resistance u can be picked up from environment
96 Grow bacteria make more
97 Grow bacteria make more plasmid
98 Grow bacteria make more gene from other organism plasmid +
99 Grow bacteria make more gene from other organism recombinant plasmid plasmid + vector
100 Grow bacteria make more gene from other organism recombinant plasmid transformed bacteria plasmid + vector
101 Grow bacteria make more gene from other organism recombinant plasmid transformed bacteria plasmid + vector grow bacteria
102 Grow bacteria make more gene from other organism recombinant plasmid transformed bacteria plasmid + vector grow bacteria harvest (purify) protein
103 Applications of biotechnology
104
105 I m a very special pig! Got any Questions?