Kailash Behari Mohapatra

Transcription

1 ENSURING NUTRITION AND HEALTH SECURITY THROUGH MUSHROOM CULTIVATION Kailash Behari Mohapatra Department of Plant Pathology OUAT, Bhubaneswar

2 THE AMAZING MUSHROOM Without leaves, without buds, without flowers, yet, they form fruit; as a food, as a tonic, as a medicine, the entire creation is precious (Chang, 2007)

3 LOOKING BACK Mushrooms found in fossilized wood estimated to be 300 million years old. It appears, prehistoric man has used mushrooms in the wild as food. Further, it was evidenced in the Bible; the desert truffle, Terfezia arnenaria was described as Bread from heaven and Manna of the Israelites (Pegler, 2002).

4 MUSHROOMS : Beauty, Diversity and Relevance Mushrooms, indeed, are beautiful, beauty derives not merely from elegance and variety of form and colour but structure and architecture superbly linked to function and life style. Species range from being delicious to edible to hallucinogenic to poisonous, even of potential value and use in medicine. Enumeration, taxonomy, distribution, biology, chemistry, cultivation and conservation, naturally are of great relevance and will remain of perennial interest and fascination for us.

5 MUSHROOM PRODUCTION: An agribusiness activity Eco-friendly activity Economic activity Health food Production per unit area/ time more Round the year farming Mushroom farming vs. natural calamities Compatibility with IFS / eco-farms

6 MUSHROOM: a super food (Lelley,2006) Low energy level: weight reduction Low purine: gout and rheumatism relief Low glucose: beneficial for diabetics Very low sodium: relief from high blood pressure High content of vitamins: address vitamin requirements High content of K and P: important for growth High content of selenium: excellent antioxidant

7 MEDICINAL VALUES OF IMPORTANT MUSHROOMS Mushroom Compounds Medicinal properties Courtesy Ganoderma lucidum Ganoderic acid Beta-glucan Augments immune system, liver protection, Antibiotic properties, Inhibits cholesterol synthesis Wang et al., 2007 Lentinula edodes Eritadenine lentinan Lower cholesterol Anti-cancer agent Enman et al., 2007 Grifola frondosa Polysaccharide lectins Promotes insulin secretion, decrease blood glucose Horio and Ohtsuru, 2001

8 WATER PRODUCTIVITY OF DIFFERENT VEGETABLE CROPS (NET RETURN) Crop Duration (days) Water requirement (acre inch) Approx. net return/acre (Rs.) Potato Brinjal Cabbage Cauliflower Tomato Okra Knolkhol Onion Chilli Straw mushroom 21 < Oyster mushroom 42 < Courtesy: Agronica (Directorate of Agriculture and food Production, Odisha), 2005

9 WORLD PRODUCTION OF MUSHROOMS* Rank Country Production (metric tonnes) 1 China 15,68,523 2 Italy 8,59,000 3 USA 3,59,630 4 Netherland 2,40,000 5 Poland 1,60,000 6 Spain 1,40,000 7 France 1,25,000 8 Ireland 75,000 9 Canada 73, UK 72, India 48,000 *Total mushroom production of the world is 4.0million tonnes (FAO stat, 2009)

10 SHARE OF INDIVIDUAL MUSHROOM TO GLOBAL PRODUCTION Agaricus 6% 5% 5% 10% 30% Pleurotus Lentinula Auricularia 17% Flammulina 27% Volvariella Others (Royse, 2014)

11 ASIA S MUSHROOM INDUSTRY IS MORE DIVERSE Mushroom Country China Japan South Korea Taiwan India Agaricus (12.8%) (11.6%) 4276 (4.0%) (80.0%) Lentinus (21.5%) (10.7%) (24.6%) (33.0%) - Pleurotus (24.0%) 5219 (1.6%) (36.5%) 4540 (4.2%) (11.0%) Others (41.8%) (87.8%) (27.3%) (58.4%) (9.0%) (Chang, 2006b)

12 PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION OF MUSHROOM (kg) COUNTRIES Fresh Canned Total Rank Netherlands Ireland Belgium Denmark Spain UK France Germany Canada Italy USA China India FAO stat, 2009

13 MUSHROOM PRODUCTION: National scenario (MT)* State Button Oyster Straw Milky Total production Punjab 5,7000 3, ,000 1 Odisha 126 4,165 8, ,622 2 Uttarakhand 8, ,500 3 Haryana 6,000 1, ,610 4 Uttar Pradesh 6,000 1, ,420 5 Tamil Nadu 4,000 1, ,900 6 Himachal Pradesh 6, ,360 7 Delhi 3, ,200 8 Rank Andhra Pradesh 3, ,200 9 Maharashtra 2, , Others ,188 - Total 9, ,630 9, ,20,000 - * Projected figure,

14 CONTRIBUTION OF STATES TO TOTAL MUSHROOM PRODUCTION 2% 1% Punjab 5% 3% 3% Odisha Uttarakhand 6% 6% 6% 7% 50% Haryana Uttar Pradesh Tamil Nadu Himachal Pradesh Delhi Andhra Pradesh 11% Maharashtra Others

15 MUSHROOM IN ODISHA Research on edible mushroom started in the Department of Plant Pathology, OUAT in Research efforts strengthened with the establishment of CTMRT in Studies undertaken on production of Volvariella, Calocybe and Pleurotus species. AICRP on Mushroom initiated by ICAR in to further the cause of mushroom development in the state.

16 MUSHROOM-FRIENDLY CLIMATE Odisha, a state in the Eastern coast of the country, enjoys a hot and humid climate that favours cultivation of tropical and subtropical mushrooms almost year round.

17 Sl. No. STATUS OF MUSHROOM IN ODISHA Particulars ( ) Information/ production (t/year) % of total production 1 Paddy straw mushroom Oyster mushroom Button mushroom Total mushroom production 15, No. of spawn production units Total spawn production 4,047-7 No. of processing units 4 - *The state contributes to 13% of the total mushroom production of the country (1,20,000 tonnes/ annum)

18 MAJOR MUSHROOM GROWING DISTRICTS OF ODISHA Puri 4% 8% 4% 3% 1% 9% 2% 2% 37% Khurda Ganjam Dhenkanal Bargarh Balasore Nayagarh Cuttack 30% Bhadrak others

19 MAJOR MUSHROOM GROWING DISTRICTS OF ODISHA Major mushroom growing districts

20 STRAW MUSHROOM Excellent flavour Short cropping cycle Outdoor cultivation possible Biological efficiency : 15 % Shelf life : 12 hours

21 RESEARCHES MADE SO FAR Twenty isolates have been collected from six agro-climatic zones of Odisha. Ten have been characterized in the Agriculture Biotechnology Department. Evaluation on yield and yield attributing parameters have been done. Two of the promising lines (OSM-11 and OSM- 12) promoted to AVT-1 in the National trials. The entries have also been introduced in OFTs of KVKs

22 ENTRIES BEING TESTED IN NATIONAL TRIALS OSM-11 OSM-12

23 Volvariella bombycina A HIGH YIELDING LOW TEMPERATURE TOLERANT STRAW MUSHROOM VARIETY

24 PRODUCTION SYSTEMS Straw mushroom grown as an intercrop in coconut plantations in the coastal areas Semi-controlled cultivation practiced in low cost thatched sheds, asbestos sheds, agro-net houses and poly houses in inland districts Indoor cultivation of straw mushroom using partially composted substrate is being popularized for higher productivity Over 60 % production contributed by outdoor farming

25 RENEWED ADVISORY FOR THE GROWERS Straw soaking in 1-2% lime water Straw soaking period reduced from 12 to 6 hours Use of crumpled straw Off season cultivation is possible Bed dimension season dependant Vertical expansion possible

26 INDOOR CULTIVATION OF STRAW MUSHROOM Straw supplemented with/ without cotton waste at 1:1 ratio Mixed with wheat bran and calcium carbonate Partially composted for a period of 6 days Pasteurized in situ and spawned Productivity could be as high as 45%

27 INDOOR CULTIVATION OF STRAW MUSHROOM

28 COMPETITOR MOLDS AND DISEASES Coprinus comatus has been detected as the principal competitor mold, able to reduce yields substantially (100%). Among diseases, bacterial button rot has been predominant over years.

29 HARVEST AND POST HARVEST OPERATIONS To be harvested at the bud stage Poly propylene / punnet packing are being demonstrated Further, storage in cool chambers at C has been highly successful Short term storage in brine has not been popular among farmers

30 14000 PEOPLES ACCEPTANCE Production (MT) Straw Oyster Total Year

31 OUTDOOR CULTIVATION OF STRAW MUSHROOM

32 OUTDOOR CULTIVATION OF STRAW MUSHROOM

33 OUTDOOR CULTIVATION OF STRAW MUSHROOM

34 OUTDOOR CULTIVATION OF STRAW MUSHROOM

35 Mushroom shed STRAW MUSHROOM IN LOW COST THATCHED SHED

36 STRAW MUSHROOM IN ASBESTOS SHED

37 STRAW MUSHROOM IN LOW COST POLY HOUSE

38 OYSTER MUSHROOM Wide choice of varieties and agricultural wastes Less prone to diseases and competitor moulds Low cost of production Easy post-harvest processing Biological efficiency: 100 % Shelf life : 24 hours

39 Pleurotus sajor-caju

40 Pleurotus florida

41 Hypsizygus ulmarius

42 Pleurotus pulmonarius

43 Pleurotus eous

44 Pleurotus cornucopiae

45 BREAK THROUGH IN BIO EFFICIENCY Variety/ species substitution Species adaptability Use of alternative substrates Refinement of existing technology

46 HARVEST AND POST HARVEST OPERATIONS To be harvested when fruits start upward curling Poly propylene / punnet packing are being demonstrated Further, storage in cool chambers at C has been highly successful Short term storage in brine has not been popular among farmers

47 PEOPLES ACCEPTANCE Pleurotus sajor caju (grey oyster) P. florida (white oyster) P. pulmonarius (indian oyster) Hypsizygus ulmarius (blue oyster) Pleurotus eous (pink oyster)

48 OUTDOOR CULTIVATION OF OYSTER MUSHROOM

49 OYSTER MUSHROOM IN AGRO- SHADENET

50 OYSTER MUSHROOM IN POLY HOUSE

51 MILKY MUSHROOM Attractive white mushroom with excellent keeping quality Wide choice of agricultural wastes Biological efficiency: % Shelf life : 3-4 days

52 ISOLATES UNDER STUDY

53 RENEWED ADVISORY FOR THE GROWERS Steam pasteurization of substrate Mustard cake (5%) as organic additive Use of FYM + loam soil (1:1)/ vermin bag as casing material Use of 3 weeks old spawn

54 HARVEST AND POST HARVEST OPERATIONS Harvested at 7-8cm pileus size Can be stored at ambient for 3-4 days Fruit bodies packaged in PP bags/ punnets

55 PEOPLES ACCEPTANCE So far has not attained commercial status in the state However, efforts are on to popularize it across the state soon

56 MILKY MUSHROOM IN POLY-HOUSE

57 MUSHROOM SPAWN Mushroom Research Centre, OUAT, Bhubaneswar provides master spawn to the spawn producers and the KVKs Multiplied to commercial/ planting spawn at their level and supplied to growers for mushroom production Often, the spawn production units are monitored for quality maintenance

58 SPAWN PRODUCTION SCENARIO OF ODISHA Puri Khurda Ganjam 24% 18% Dhenkanal Bargarh 4% 5% 5% 4% 5% 7% 11% 17% Balasore Nayagarh Bhadrak Jagatsingpur Others

59 RENEWED ADVISORY FOR THE SPAWN PRODUCERS PP bags / bottles to be used against glass bottles Replacement of mother cultures at regular intervals Maintenance of sanitary measures

60 MUSHROOM VALUE ADDITION: STATUS People are in habit of consuming fresh mushrooms However, mushroom pickle, sauce and soup powder are gaining popularity In Odisha, two processing units have started commercial production with FPO license More and more processing are likely to come up soon in the state

61 MUSHROOM VALUE ADDITION : DEFICIENCY Training on value addition Commercial units expensive Acquiring license from Govt. of India Meager domestic demand

62 BUTTON MUSHROOM IN ODISHA Odisha has already entered in the club of button mushroom producing states At present, two farms are producing 126 t/annum button mushroom Further, two commercial button mushroom farms are under construction Hopefully, Odisha will become self sufficient in button mushroom production soon

63 WHITE BUTTON MUSHROOM

64 ECONOMICS OF MUSHROOM CULTIVATION A single bag of oyster mushroom (80 cm x 40 cm) costs : Rs.40 Average yield/bag : 1.5 kg Sale price : Rs.60/kg Gross income/bag : Rs.90 Net income/bag : Rs.50 (In 4 sq.ft. area in 45 days period) A single bed of straw mushroom (1.5 x1.5 x1.5 ) costs : Rs.60 Average yield/bed : 1.0 kg Sale price : Rs.120/kg Gross income/bed : Rs.120 Net income/bed : Rs.60 (In 10 sq.ft. area in 21 days period)

65 OUR VISION Production of paddy straw mushroom through indoor cultivation Popularization of milky mushroom Self sufficiency in button mushroom production Introduction of few promising species/ varieties Streamlining mushroom marketing Replacement of glass bottles with PP packets/ bottles for spawn production Awareness on mushroom value addition

66 INITIATIVES Linkage with KVKs, line Departments, ICAR institutes and NGOs Participation in collaborative programmes E-addressal of problems Organization of entrepreneurs meet Monitoring of mushroom farms Mushroom as a component of IFS and urban nutritional gardens Mushroom Research Centre, pro-active for farmers across the nation

67 HARVESTING SMILES

68 Mrs.Geetanjali Mohanty

69 Mr. Sanjit Mohanty

70 Mr. Santosh Mishra

71 Mrs.Jayanti Padhan

72 OUR STRENGTH Climate favorable for growing all the tropical and sub- tropical mushrooms Raw materials as well as manpower available in plenty Technical assistance available Preference for mushroom consumption increasing day by day Increasing urbanization and industrialization Being a women friendly crop, production facilitated with a strong MISSION SHAKTI existing in the state

73 Mushroom and Women empowerment( ) No. of women trainees In-Campus Off-Campus Year

74 MUSHROOM AND WOMEN EMPOWERMENT

75 MUSHROOM AND WOMEN EMPOWERMENT

76 MUSHROOM AND WOMEN EMPOWERMENT

77 MUSHROOM AND WOMEN EMPOWERMENT

78 CONCLUSION With the cooperation of all concerned lets facilitate non-green revolution sweep across Odisha soon

79 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We gratefully acknowledge the contributions of all the stake holders directly or indirectly related to the cause of mushroom improvement in the state of Odisha.

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