Bio-based Building Blocks and Polymers in the World

Transcription

1 3 rd EDITION November 2015 update with data for the year 2014 Bio-based Building Blocks and Polymers in the World Capacities, Production and Applications: Status Quo and Trends towards 2020 PP EPDM PE PBAT PU PC PET-like PVC Propylene MEG PMMA Vinyl Chloride Ethylene Methyl Metacrylate Ethanol Sorbitol Isosorbide Terephthalic acid p-xylene Isobutanol PET PBT SBR THF PU PBS PEF PHA 1,3-Propanediol Glucose 1,4-Butanediol PTT Lactic acid Succinic acid Superabsorbent Polymers PU PA PLA HMDA Caprolactam Adipic Acid Lysine Starch Saccharose Lignocellulose Fructose Natural Rubber Plant oils Glycerol Fatty acids 3-HP HMF Furfural Acrylic acid FDCA Other Furan-based polymers Furfuryl alcohol Epichlorohydrin Natural Rubber Starch-based Polymers Lignin-based Polymers Cellulose-based Polymers Epoxy resins PU PU Polyols Diacids (Sebacic acid) PA PHA PFA Authors: Florence Aeschelmann (nova-institute), Michael Carus (nova-institute) and ten renowned international experts This is the short version of the full market study (474 pages, 3,000 ). Both are available at.

2 Imprint Bio-based Building Blocks and Polymers in the World Capacities, Production and Applications: Status Quo and Trends toward 2020 Publisher Michael Carus (V.i.S.d.P.) nova-institut GmbH Chemiepark Knapsack Industriestraße Hürth, Germany Authors of the short version Florence Aeschelmann (nova-institute) Michael Carus (nova-institute) Layout Norma Sott Edition Order the full report The full report can be ordered for 3,000 plus VAT and the old report (as of 2013) for 1,000 plus VAT at All nova-institute graphs can be downloaded at All European Bioplastics graphs can be downloaded at press-pictures/labelling-logos-charts Please find the table of contents of the full report with market data, trend reports and company data, containing 474 pages and 202 tables and figures, on pages Bio-based polymers Production capacity will triple from 5.7 million tonnes in 2014 to nearly 17 million tonnes in For the first time, consistent data have been published which cover the last three years. They show a 10% growth rate from 2012 to 2013 and even 11% from 2013 to Bio-based drop-in PET and the new polymer PHA show the fastest rates of market growth. The lion s share of capital investment is expected to take place in Asia. The 5.7 million tonnes bio-based production capacity represent approximately a 2% share of overall structural polymer production at 256 million tonnes in The bio-based polymer turnover was about 11 billion worldwide in 2014 compared to 10 billion in Two years after the first market study was released, Germany s nova-institute published the third edition of the most comprehensive market study of bio-based polymers ever made in November This update expand the market study s range, including bio-based building blocks as precursor of bio-based polymers. The nova-institute carried out this study in collaboration with renowned international experts from the field of bio-based building blocks and polymers. The study investigates every kind of bio-based polymer and, for the first time, several major building blocks produced around the world. The new edition is available from November 2015 on. It includes the latest data of the year 2014 and the recently published data from European Bioplastics. Share of bio-based polymers in the total polymer market The bio-based share for structural polymers, which are the focus of the study, is approximately 2%. In 2011, this share was 1.4%. The bio-based share is clearly growing at a faster rate than that of the global polymer market. This study focuses exclusively on bio-based building block and polymer producers, and the market data therefore does not cover the bio-based plastics branch. We must clearly differentiate between these two terms. A polymer is a chemical compound consisting of repeating structural units (monomers) synthesized through a polymerization or fermentation process, whereas a plastic material constitutes a blend of one or more polymers and additives. Table 1 gives an overview on the covered biobased polymers and the producing companies with their locations and production capacities from 2012 to 2014 with corresponding growth rates nova-institut GmbH, Version nova-institut GmbH, Version

3 CAGR PRODUCTION CAPACITIES (TONNES) CAGR PRODUCTION CAPACITIES (TONNES) PRODUCTION CAPACITIES (TONNES) LOCATIONS IN 2014 AND UNTIL 2020 PRODUCING COMPANIES IN 2014 AND UNTIL 2020 BIO-BASED STRUCTURAL POLYMERS CURRENT BIO- BASED CARBON CONTENT* Cellulose acetate CA 50% , ,000 1% 855,000 1% Epoxies 30% 1,120,000 1,210,000 8% 1,520,000 26% EPDM 50% to 70% ,000 45,000 0% 45,000 0% Ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber Polyamides PA 40% to 100% ,000 85,000 31% 95,000 12% PBAT Up to 50%** ,000 75,000 0% 95,000 27% Poly(butylene adipate-coterephthalate) Polybutylene succinate PBS Up to 100%** , ,000 0% 125,000 0% Polyethylene PE 100% , ,000 0% 200,000 0% Polyethylene terephtalate PET 20% , ,000 33% 600,000 0% Polyhydroxyalkanoates PHA 100% ,000 32,000 7% 35,000 9% Polylactic acid PLA 100% , ,000 8% 205,000 5% Polytrimethylene terephthalate PTT 27% , ,000 33% 120,000 0% Polyurethanes PUR 10% to 100% 7 7 1,100,000 1,200,000 9% 1,400,000 17% Starch blends*** 25% to 100% , ,000 10% 395,000-1% Total ,680,000 5,132,000 10% 5,690,000 11% * Bio-based carbon content: fraction of carbon derived from biomass in a product (EN Bio-based products Vocabulary) ** Currently still mostly fossil-based with existing drop-in solutions and a steady upward trend nova-institut GmbH 2015 *** Starch in plastic compound Full study available at Green: Growth over the previous year Figure 1: Global production capacities of bioplastics (European Bioplastics 2015) Bio-based polymers In 2015, for the second time, the association European Bioplastics used nova-institute s market study as its main data source for their recently published market data. For European Bioplastics s selection of bio-based polymers, which differs from nova-institute s selection, bio-based polymers production capacities are projected to grow by more than 400% by The graph in Figure 1 shows European Bioplastics s growth projection of bio-based polymers production; by 2019, these could grow by over 400%, or from 1.7 million tonnes in 2014 to 7.8 million tonnes in 2019 in absolute terms. The market is clearly dominated by bio-based and non-biodegradable polymers. Drop-in bio-based polymers such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyethylene (PE) lead this category. Drop-in bio-based polymers are chemically identical to their petrochemical counterparts but at least partially derived from biomass. European Bioplastics uses plastic as a synonym for polymer. The global capacities in 2014 and 2019 have been split by material type in Figures 2 and 3 respectively. Bio-based PET is the overall market leader and is expected to grow at a quick rate, from 35.4% in 2014 to 76.5% in As a consequence, the bio-based non-biodegradable polymers market is expected to grow strongly as well since bio-based PET is part of this category. Table 1: Bio-based polymers, short names, current bio-based carbon content, producing companies with locations and production capacities from 2012 to 2014 with corresponding growth rates 1 Market data graphics are available for download in English and German: press/press-pictures/labelling-logos-charts nova-institut GmbH, Version nova-institut GmbH, Version

4 In 2014 and in 2019 a distant second behind biobased PET are biodegradable polyesters such as polybutylene succinate (PBS) and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), which are closely followed by polylactic acid (PLA), biobased PE and starch blends. European Bioplastics s selection of bio-based polymers and time span differ from nova- Institute s. nova-institute decided to cover further bio-based polymers by including biobased thermosets (epoxies, polyurethanes (PUR) and ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber (EPDM)) and cellulose acetate (CA) until Figures 4 and 5 show the main results of nova- Institute s survey. Production capacity of biobased polymers will triple from 5.7 million tonnes in 2014 to nearly 17 million tonnes by The production capacity for bio-based polymers boasts very impressive development and annual growth rates, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 20% in comparison to petrochemical polymers, which have a CAGR between 3 4%. Due to their broader scope, nova-institute s projected production capacities are much higher than those projected by European Bioplastics. The 5.7 million tonnes bio-based polymer production capacity represent approximately a 2% share of overall structural polymer production at 256 million tonnes in 2013 and a bio-based polymer turnover of about 11 billion (5.7 Mio. t (production capacity) x 2.50/kg (estimated average bio-based polymer price) x 0,8 (capacity utilization rate)). Figure 2: Global production capacities of bioplastics 2014 (by material type) (European Bioplastics 2015) Bio-based polymers: Evolution of worldwide production capacities from 2011 to 2020 million t/a 20 actual data forecast % of total polymer capacity, 11 billion turnover Epoxies PUR CA PET PTT PEF EPDM PE PBS PBAT PA PHA Starch Blends PLA -Institut.eu 2015 Full study available at Figure 3: Global production capacities of bioplastics 2019 (by material type) (European Bioplastics 2015) Figure 4: Bio-based polymers: Evolution of worldwide production capacities from 2011 to nova-institut GmbH, Version nova-institut GmbH, Version

5 This bio-based share of overall polymer production has been growing over the years: it was 1.4% in 2011 (3.3 million tonnes bio-based for a global production of 235 million tonnes). With an expected total polymer production of about 400 million tonnes in 2020, the bio-based share should increase from approximately 2% in 2014 to more than 4% in 2020, meaning that bio-based production capacity will grow faster than overall production. The most dynamic development is foreseen for drop-in bio-based polymers, but this is closely followed by new bio-based polymers. Drop-in bio-based polymers are spearheaded by partly bio-based PET, whose production capacity was around 600,000 tonnes in 2014 and is projected to reach about 7 million tonnes by 2020, using bio-ethanol from sugar cane. Bio-based PET production is expanding at high rates worldwide, largely due to the Plant PET Technology Collaborative (PTC) initiative launched by The Coca-Cola Company. The second most dynamic development is foreseen for polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), which, contrary to bio-based PET, are new polymers, but still have similar growth rates to those of bio-based PET. PBS and PLA are showing impressive growth as well: their production capacities are expected to quadruple between 2014 and Here are some details on each bio-based polymer covered in the report: Epoxies are approximately 30% bio-based (only bio-based carbon content 2 considered in this report) and are produced out of bio-based epichlorohydrin. The market is well established since epoxies have already long been partly biobased. Production capacity increased in 2014 through the growing production capacity of biobased epichlorohydrin. However, from now on, it is expected to stay steady until Polyurethanes (PUR) can be 10% to 100% biobased. PUR are produced from natural oil polyols (NOP). Bio-based succinic acid can be used to replace adipic acid. The global PUR market (including petro-based PUR) is continuously growing but the bio-based PUR market is expected to grow faster. Cellulose acetate (CA) is 50% bio-based. This market is similar to that of epoxies: well established, for example cigarette fi lters are made from CA, with small capacity growth. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is currently 20% bio-based and produced out of bio-based monoethylene glycol (MEG) and terephthalic acid (TPA) as a drop-in bio-based polymer. TPA is currently still petro-based but subject to ongoing R&D. Bio-based TPA can be produced at pilot scale. Most bio-based PET and MEG are produced in Asia. Bio-based PET is one of the leaders of the bio-based polymers market and is slated to become the bio-based polymer with the biggest production capacity by far. This is largely due to the Plant PET Technology Collaborative (PTC) initiative launched by The Coca Cola Company. Bio-based epoxies, PUR, CA and PET have huge production capacities with a well established market in comparison with other bio-based polymers. However, other bio-based polymers listed on Figure 5 show strong growth as well. Figure 5 shows the evolution of worldwide production capacities only for selected biobased polymers (without bio-based epoxies, PUR, CA and PET). Some of these polymers are brand new bio-based polymers. That is why their markets are smaller and need to be developed correspondingly. 2 Bio-based carbon content: fraction of carbon derived in a product (EN Bio-based products from biomass Vocabulary) million t/a Selected bio-based polymers: Evolution of worldwide production capacities from 2011 to Institut.eu actual data 2013 PTT PBAT 2014 PEF 2015 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) is 27% bio-based and made out of bio-based 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO) and currently petrobased TPA. PTT is similar to PET since both have TPA as precursor. Bio-based PTT and 1,3-PDO are produced by one leading company, DuPont. The market is well established and is expected to grow in 2016 due to the very good market acceptance. Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) is 100% biobased and is produced out of bio-based 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (2,5-FDCA) and MEG. PEF is a brand new polymer, which is expected to enter the market in Just as PTT, PEF is similar to PET. Both PEF and PET are used in bottle production, however PEF is said to have better properties, such as better barrier properties, than PET. Technology company Avantium is heavily involved in the development of PEF and is planning to introduce PEF to the market in PA forecast 2016 EPDM PHA 2017 PE Starch Blends 2018 PBS PLA Full study available at Figure 5: Selected bio-based polymers: Evolution of worldwide production capacities from 2011 to 2020 Ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber (EPDM) is made out of bio-based ethylene and can be 50% to 70% bio-based. Specialty chemicals company Lanxess is currently producing bio-based EPDM in Brazil. The market is small but a steady growth is expected in the coming years through the development of new grades and new applications. Polyethylene (PE) is a 100% bio-based drop-in polymer. The bio-based building block needed is bio-based ethylene, which is made out of sugar cane. Brazilian petrochemical company Braskem produces bio-based PE in Brazil. Bio-based PE has been on the market for a few years but its production capacity has hitherto remained the same. Further developments have been slowed down because of the shale gas boom nova-institut GmbH, Version nova-institut GmbH, Version

6 Polybutylene succinate (PBS) is biodegradable and currently mostly fossil-based but could in theory be 100% bio-based. PBS is produced from 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BDO) and succinic acid. Both building blocks are available bio-based but 1,4-BDO is not commercially available yet; this is expected in PBS is currently produced exclusively in Asia. It is expected to have grown fourfold by 2020 and profit from the availability and lower cost of bio-based succinic acid. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) is also currently mostly fossil-based. PBAT is produced from 1,4-BDO, TPA and adipic acid. PBAT is biodegradable. PBAT can theoretically be up to 50% bio-based since bio-based adipic acid is not available yet. It is still at the research stage. PBAT has mostly been produced by one big company, BASF, but a new player, Jinhui ZhaolongHigh Technology, entered the market and another one, Samsung Fine Chemicals, which has a relatively small production capacity at the moment, is planning to extend its production capacity. Polyamides (PA) are a big family since there are many different types of polyamides. This explains the wide range of bio-based carbon content: from 40% to 100%. Polyamides are generally based on sebacic acid, which is produced from castor oil. Evonik has recently developed a polyamide based on palm kernel oil. The market, which is expected to grow moderately, is headed by one big player, Arkema. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are 100% biobased and biodegradable even in cold sea water. PHA are produced through a fermentation process mainly by specifi c bacteria. Many different companies are involved in the production of PHA. The market is currently very small but is expected to grow tremendously. The joint venture Telles, set by Metabolix and ADM in 2006, aimed at big capacity but hardly sold any PHA and subsequently collapsed in PHA are brand new polymers, which means their market still needs time to fully develop. Nevertheless PHA producers and several new players are optimistic and see potential in PHA. Therefore, production capacity is expected to have grown tenfold by Production capacity increased in 2014 since Newlight Technologies scaled up. Starch blends are completely biodegradable and 25% to 100% bio-based, with starch added to one or several polymers. Many players are involved in the production of starch blends but Italian company Novamont is currently market leader. Production capacity is expected to stay steady or eventually to decrease to some extent in the coming years. In 2015, Roquette decided to stop the production of starch blends due to the decrease of oil price and the delay in the implementation of a favorable legislative and regulatory environment in Europe. Polylactic acid (PLA) is 100% bio-based and biodegradable but only under certain conditions: PLA is industrially compostable. Produced by numerous companies worldwide, with NatureWorks as market leader, PLA is the most well established new bio-based polymer. However, the PLA market is still expected to grow further, with a projected fourfold growth between 2014 and In 2014, Zhejiang Hisun Biomaterials scaled up its facility. PLA can already be found at near-comparable prices to fossil-based polymers. In short, the most dynamic development is expected for bio-based PET, with a projected production capacity of about 7 million tonnes by Second in the drop-in polymers group is PBS. Regardless, new bio-based polymers such as PLA and PHA are showing impressive growth as well: PLA production capacity is expected to almost quadruple and PHA production capacity is expected to grow tenfold between 2014 and Detailed information on the development of biobased PET and PLA and other polymers can be found in the full report. Bio-based building blocks as a precursor of bio-based polymers For the first time, the production capacities of some major building blocks have been reported in the market study. The total production capacity of the bio-based building blocks reviewed in this study was 2.2 million tonnes in 2014 and is expected to reach 4.1 million tonnes in 2020, which means a CAGR of 11%. The most dynamic developments are spearheaded by succinic acid and 1,4-BDO, with MEG as a distant runnerup. Figure 6 shows the evolution of worldwide production capacities for some major building blocks. million t/a Institut.eu 2015 MEG 1,4-BDO L-LA 1,3-PDO Ethylene Lactide Bio-based MEG, L-lactic acid (L-LA), ethylene and epichlorohydrin are relatively well established on the market. These bio-based building blocks cover most of the total production capacity. They are expected to keep on growing, especially bio-based MEG, whereas L-LA and bio-based ethylene and epichlorohydrin are projected to grow at lower rate. However, the most dynamic developments are spearheaded by succinic acid and 1,4-BDO. Both are brand new drop-in biobased building blocks on the market. The first facilities are currently running and more will be built in the coming years. Selected bio-based building blocks: Evolution of worldwide production capacities from 2011 to actual data forecast Epichlorohydrin 2,3-BDO ,5 FDCA 2019 Succinic acid D-LA 2020 Full study available at Figure 6: Selected bio-based building blocks: Evolution of worldwide production capacities from 2011 to nova-institut GmbH, Version nova-institut GmbH, Version

7 Here are some details on each bio-based building block covered in the report: Monoethylene glycol (MEG) is one of PET s building blocks. Bio-based MEG is a dropin which is mostly produced in Asia. The very fast increase in bio-based PET production has had a considerable impact on the production capacities of bio-based MEG. Bio-based PET actually leads the bio-based polymers group, which is largely due to the Plant PET Technology Collaborative (PTC) initiative launched by The Coca-Cola Company. L-Lactic acid (L-LA) is PLA s building block, together with D-lactic acid (D-LA). Both are optical isomers of LA. L-LA is much more common than D-LA since D-LA is more complicated to produce. Lactide is an intermediate between LA and PLA. It can be bought as such to produce PLA. A lot of different companies are involved in this business worldwide since most LA has long been used in the food industry as, among other things, a food preservative, ph regulator and flavouring agent. The production capacities do not only include LA used for polymer production, but also for the food industry. It is estimated that more than a half of LA is used by the food industry. Ethylene is PE s building block. Bio-based ethylene is currently made from sugar cane in Brazil. Further developments have slowed down because of a sudden extreme price drop in petrobased ethylene that happened due to the shale gas boom. Epichlorohydrin is one of the building blocks of epoxies. Glycerin, which is a by-product of the production of biodiesel, is used as feedstock. Production capacity increased in 2013 and in Succinic acid is a very versatile building block. Bio-based polymers such as PBS can be made of succinic acid but also other bio-based building blocks such as 1,4-BDO. It can be used as well in PUR to replace adipic acid. However, the market still has to be developed. Petro-based succinic acid is not a big market since petrobased succinic acid is relatively expensive. Biobased succinic acid is actually cheaper than its petro-based counterpart. The first facilities have been running since 2012 and the next ones are already in the pipeline. In 2014, Succinity opened its first facility in Spain and in 2015 BioAmber just opened its new facility in Canada. 1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BDO) is also a versatile building block. 1,4-BDO can directly be produced from biomass or indirectly from succinic acid. The first producers of bio-based 1,4-BDO have recently entered the market. BioAmber can also produce bio-based 1,4-BDO from succinic acid in the new facility in Canada. 2,3-Butanediol (2,3-BDO) is another isomer of butanediol. Global Bio-Chem Technology Group, based in China, is currently producing 2,3-BDO, which they obtain by processing corn. 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO) is one of PTT s building blocks. 1,3-PDO is mostly produced from corn by DuPont. The market is well established. Production capacities are not expected to grow much. 2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid (2,5-FDCA) can be combined with MEG to produce polyethylene furanoate (PEF). 2,5-FDCA is a brand new building block which is expected to come to the market in Avantium is deeply involved in 2,5-FDCA but others are also showing interest. Detailed information on the development of biobased building blocks can be found in the full report. Figure 7: Global production capacities of bioplastics in 2014 (by region) (European Bioplastics 2015) Investment by region Most investment in new bio-based polymer capacities will take place in Asia because of better access to feedstock and a favourable political framework. Figures 7 and 8 show the 2014 and 2019 global production capacities for bio-based polymers repartitioned by region. European Bioplastics published these market data, which take into account fewer types of bio-based polymers than nova-institute. Due to the complexity of the manufacturing value chain structure of epoxies, PUR and cellulose acetate, the repartitions by region cannot be reliably determined for all bio-based polymers. As a result, a graph representing the repartition by region with nova-institute s scope is not provided in the report, but only for the subgroup selected by European Bioplastics. Europe s share is projected to decrease from 15.4% to 4.9%, and North America s share is set to fall from 14.0% to 4.1%, whereas Asia s is predicted to increase from 58.1% to 80.6%. South America is likely to remain constant with a share between 10% and 12%. In other Figure 8: Global production capacities of bioplastics in 2019 (by region) (European Bioplastics 2015) words, world market shares are expected to shift dramatically. Asia is predicted to experience most of the developments in the field of biobased building block and polymer production, while Europe and North America are slated to lose more than two thirds of their shares. Production capacities in Europe Figure 9 shows the evolution of production capacities in Europe without bio-based thermosets (epoxies and PUR) and cellulose acetate. Europe s position in producing bio-based polymers is limited to just a few polymers. Europe has so far established a solid position mainly in the field of starch blends and is expected to remain strong in this sector for the next few years. This can be traced back to Italy s Novamont, a leading company in this field. Nevertheless, a number of developments and investments are foreseen in Europe. PLA production capacities, are predicted to grow nova-institut GmbH, Version nova-institut GmbH, Version

8 One noteworthy finding of other studies is that Europe shows the strongest demand for biobased polymers, while production tends to take place elsewhere, namely in Asia. In Europe, biobased polymer production facilities for PLA are not only small in size but also small in number. On the other hand, bio-based PA production is partly based in Europe and is likely to continue supplying for the growing markets of the building and construction and automotive sectors. Europe does have industrial production facilities for PBAT which is still fully fossil-based. However, judging by industry announcements and the everincreasing capacity of its bio-based precursors, PBAT is expected to be increasingly bio-based, with a projected 50% share by Housing the leading chemical corporations, Europe is particularly strong and has great potential in the fields of high value fine chemicals and building blocks. However, only few specific, large-scale plans for bio-based building blocks incorporating concrete plans for the production of bio-based polymers have been announced to date. The European Union s relatively weak position in the production of bio-based polymers is largely the consequence of an unfavourable political framework. In contrast to bioenergy and biofuels, there is no European policy framework to support bio-based polymers, whereas bioenergy and biofuels receive strong and ongoing support during commercial production (quotas, tax incentives, green electricity regulations, market introduction programs, etc.). Without comparable support, bio-based chemicals and polymers will suffer further from underinvestment by the private sector. It is currently much safer and much more attractive to invest in bio-based polymers in Asia, South America and even North America. Market segments The packaging industry consumes most petrobased polymers. For bio-based polymers, the same trend can be observed: the major part of this as rigid packaging (bottles for example) and the rest as flexible packaging (films for example). These uses cannot come as a surprise, since bio-based PET is one of the biggest bio-based polymers in terms of capacity and is mostly used for the production of bottles. On the other hand, the packaging industry has a considerable interest in biodegradability since packaging is only needed for short times but in big quantities, which contributes to the accumulation of waste. It should be understood that not all bio-based polymers are biodegradable but some important ones are, e.g. PHA, PLA and starch blends. This feature is also interesting for agriculture and horticulture applications (mulch films for example). However, bio-based polymers are also used in many different other market segments. Figures 10 and 11 show the global production of bio-based polymers by market segment in 2014 and The order of importance of the market segments is expected to stay approximately the same between 2014 and Rigid packaging is supposed to keep its fi rst place by growing tremendously with a sevenfold growth in only five years. This is again due to the very fast development of bio-based PET. However, the automotive sector is projected to gain faster importance than consumer goods and agriculture sectors. Automotive is actually the second most dynamic after rigid packaging and is followed by electronics, a sector which is still very small and by textiles, which is already well established on the global market. Bio-based polymers: Evolution of production capacities in Europe from 2011 to 2020 (without thermosets and cellulose acetate) million t/a actual data forecast Starch Blends PLA PBAT PEF PA -Institut.eu 2015 Full study available at Figure 9: Bio-based polymers: Evolution of production capacities in Europe from 2011 to 2020 (without thermosets and cellulose acetate) Figure 10: Global production capacities of bioplastics 2014 (by market segments) (European Bioplastics 2015) nova-institut GmbH, Version nova-institut GmbH, Version

9 Figure 12 shows the worldwide shares of biobased polymers production in different market segments in 2014 and 2020 for nova-institute s scope of bio-based polymers (with thermosets and cellulose acetate). The same statement can be made regarding the packaging sector: packaging (rigid and fl exible together) is the leader, with a clear advantage for rigid packaging, which is slated to grow strongly. On the other hand, automotive, building and construction, textiles and consumer goods are much bigger because bio-based epoxies, polyurethanes and cellulose acetate are used in these sectors. The smallest market segments are agriculture and functional. In agriculture, applications are mostly limited to biodegradable polymers (mulch films), which are clearly not a market leader in terms of capacities but depending on future policy on plastic microparticles, mulch films and other biodegradable applications could grow strongly. Functional polymers are used in adhesives, coatings and inks, which require relatively small quantities of polymers. Worldwide shares of bio-based polymers production in different market segments in 2014 and % 18% 17% 1% 3% Packaging - rigid (incl. food serviceware) Functional (adhesives, coatings, inks) % 18% 13% 8% 17% Packaging - flexible Automotive and transports 1% 2% 2% 13% 16% Textiles (incl. non-woven and fibres) Electrics and electronics (incl. casing) 11% 9% 6% Agriculture and horticulture Building and construction 40% Consumer goods Others -Institut.eu 2015 Full study available at Figure 12: Worldwide shares of bio-based polymers production in different market segments in 2014 and 2020 Figure 11: Global production capacities of bioplastics 2019 (by market segments) (European Bioplastics 2015) Content of the full report This 500-page report presents the findings of nova-institute s market study, which is made up of three parts: market data, trend reports and company profiles. The market data section presents market data about total production capacities and the main application fields for selected bio-based polymers worldwide (status quo in 2011, 2013 and 2014, trends and investments towards 2020). Due to the lack of 100% reliable market data about some polymers, which is mainly due to the complexity of their manufacturing value chain structure (namely thermosets and cellulose acetate) or their pre-commercial stage (CO 2- based polymers), this section contains three independent articles by experts in the field who present and discuss their views on current and potential market development. However, this part not only covers bio-based polymers, but also investigates the current bio-based building block platforms. The trend reports section contains a total of eleven independent articles by leading experts in the field of bio-based polymers and building blocks. These trend reports cover in detail every recent issue in the worldwide bio-based building block and polymer market. The final company profiles section includes company profiles with specific data including locations, bio-based building blocks and polymers, feedstocks and production capacities (actual data for 2011, 2013 and 2014 and forecast for 2020). The profiles also encompass basic information on the companies (joint ventures, partnerships, technology and biobased products). A company index by biobased building blocks and polymers, with list of acronyms, follows. Updates to the report nova-institute will provide annual updates of the report based on the existing report and the continuously updated data. The trend reports will be updated every second year at least nova-institut GmbH, Version nova-institut GmbH, Version

10 Table of contents (474 pages and 202 tables and figures) 1 Executive summary (26 pages, 16 tables and figures) 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Study background 1.3 Methodology 1.4 Main results 1.5 Content of the full report 1.6 Authors of the study 1.7 Figures Market data 2 Market data (28 pages, 44 tables and figures) 2.1 Bio-based Building Blocks 2.2 Bio-based Polymers 3 Qualitative analyses of selected biobased polymers (12 pages, 6 tables and figures) 3.1 Cellulose Acetate (CA) 3.2 Carbon dioxide as chemical feedstock: Polymers and plastics from CO Thermosets Trend reports (as of May 2015) Policy on bio-based polymers 4 Policies impacting bio-based plastics market development Dirk Carrez, Jim Philp and Lara Dammer (40 pages, 6 tables and figures) 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Policy issues 4.3 Bio-based plastics within a bioeconomy 4.4 General bioeconomy strategies and policies 4.5 References 5 Plastic bags their consumption and regulation in the European market and beyond Constance Ißbrücker, Kristy-Barbara Lange and Hasso von Pogrell (12 pages, 3 tables and figures) 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Common types of carrier bags 5.3 The bio-based plastics alternative commercially available 5.4 The bag market in Europe and beyond 5.5 European regulation on lightweight plastic bags a complex negotiation process 5.6 Possible bag market developments in EU Member States 6 Bagislation in Europe a (good?) case for biodegradables Harald Käb (8 pages, 7 tables and figures) 7 Standards, norms and labels for biobased products Lara Dammer and Michael Carus (8 pages, 6 tables and figures) 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Activities of CEN/TC Bio-based labels in Europe 7.4 Certification of the sustainability of wood as a raw material FSC and PEFC 7.5 New certification systems for sustainable biomass 7.6 References Bio-based building blocks and polymers market 8 Bio-based polymers, a revolutionary change Jan Ravenstijn (70 pages, 11 tables and figures) 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Market trends 8.3 Technology trends 8.4 Environmental trends 8.5 Selected bio-based polymer families 8.6 Customer views 8.7 New business concepts 8.8 New value chain 8.9 Lessons learnt 8.10 Acknowledgements 9 Bio-based building blocks Rainer Busch (18 pages, 27 tables and figures) 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Selected monomers 9.3 Perspectives 10 Asian markets for bio-based chemical building blocks and polymers Wolfgang Baltus (36 pages, 33 tables and figures) 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Asian markets for bio-based polymers 10.3 Asia-Pacific region in numbers 10.4 Feedstock Key to success in Asia- Pacific 10.5 Policy development 10.6 Market growth factors 10.7 Selected biopolymer families limitations, challenges and chances in Asia-Pacific 10.8 Case Study: The National Bioplastics Roadmap in Thailand Situation and outlook after 6 years in operation 11 Brand views and adoption of bio-based polymers Harald Käb (26 pages, 19 tables and figures) 11.1 Introduction Why read this? 11.2 Summary 11.3 Brand Strategies Branch Aspects 11.4 Individual Brand Strategies (selection, alphabetic order) for packaging applications 11.5 Summary table 12 GreenPremium prices along the value chain of bio-based products Michael Carus, Asta Eder and Janpeter Beckmann (16 pages, 6 tables and figures) 12.1 Initial questions 12.2 Methodology 12.3 Definition of GreenPremium prices 12.4 GreenPremium prices do exist 12.5 Results of the LinkedIn survey in the bio-based community 12.6 GreenPremium price ranges the full picture 12.7 Examples of GreenPremium Prices 12.8 Main drivers for emotional and strategic performance 12.9 GreenPremium in the automotive sector Some actors fail to receive a GreenPremium GreenPremium for Biofuels? Summary GreenPremium prices along the value-added chain from bio-based chemicals to products References Bio-based plastics and environment 13 Environmental evaluation of bio-based polymers and plastics Roland Essel and Christin Liptow (20 pages, 14 tables and figures) 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Results from recent life cycle assessments 13.3 Feedstock supply and use of byproducts 13.4 Genetically modified organisms 13.5 Biodiversity 13.6 Land use 13.7 Conclusion 14 Microplastic in the environment sources, impacts and solutions Roland Essel (8 pages, 4 tables and figures) 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Defining microplastic 14.3 Sources of microplastic 14.4 Impacts of microplastics 14.5 Can bio-based plastics be a solution? 14.6 Conclusions 14.7 References nova-institut GmbH, Version nova-institut GmbH, Version

11 Company data 15 Company profiles (129 pages, 96 company profiles) 15.1 AnoxKaldnes 15.2 Anqing Hexing Chemical 15.3 Arizona Chemical Company LLC 15.4 Arkema SA 15.5 Attero 15.6 Avantium Technologies B.V BASF SE 15.8 Bio-on Srl 15.9 BioAmber Inc BioBased Technologies LLC BioMatera Inc Bioplastech Ltd BIOTEC Biologische Naturverpackungen GmbH & Co. KG Braskem S.A Cargill Inc Cathay Industrial Biotech, Ltd Cellulac Chengdu Dikang Biomedical China New Materials Holdings Ltd Chongqing Bofei Biochemical Products Corbion Purac Covestro Deutschland AG DaniMer Scientific LLC DSM N.V DuPont DuPont Tate & Lyle Bio Products Company, LLC Evonik Industries AG Far Eastern New Century Corporation Futerro Galactic Genomatica, Inc Global Bio-Chem Technology Group Henan Jindan Lactic Acid Technology Hubei Guangshui National Chemical Hunan Anhua Lactic Acid Company India Glycols Limited Indorama Ventures Public Company Limited Jiangsu Clean Environmental Technology Jinhui Zhaolong High Technology Co., Ltd Kaneka Corporation Kingfa Sci. & Tech KNN Bioplastic LANXESS AG Limagrain Holding S.A Lukang Pharmaceutical Mango Materials Meredian Holdings Group Merquinsa S.A Metabolix Inc Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation (MCC) Musashino Chemical Laboratory, Ltd Myriant Corporation Nafigate Corporation Nantong Jiuding Biological Engineering NatureWorks LLC Newlight Technologies LLC Novamont S.p.A Novomer Inc Paques PHB Industrial S.A Plaxica Ltd PolyFerm Canada Inc PTT MCC Biochem Rennovia Inc Reverdia Rodenburg Biopolymers B.V Roquette Samsung Fine Chemicals Shandong Fuwin New Material Shanghai Tong-Jie-Liang Biomaterials Shantou Liangyi Shenzhen Bright China Biotechnological Shenzhen Ecomann Biotechnology Co., Ltd Showa Denko K.K Solvay SA Succinity GmbH Sulzer Chemtech AG SUPLA Material Technology Co., Ltd Surakshit Parivar Biotech Pvt. Ltd Synbra Technology B.V Teijin Limited TerraVerdae BioWorks Inc The Dow Chemical Company The Woodbridge Group ThyssenKrupp AG Tianan Biologic Material Tianjin GreenBio Materials TMO Renewables Limited ttz Bremerhaven Uhde Inventa-Fischer AG Veolia Water Technologies Verdezyne, Inc Wuhan Sanjiang Space Gude Biotech Co, Ltd Yunan Fuji Bio-Material Technology Co., Ltd Zhejiang Hangzhou Xinfu Pharmaceutical Zhejiang Hisun Biomaterials 16 Company product index (9 pages) 17 List of acronyms (3 pages) Authors of the study Florence Aeschelmann (MSc) (Germany), materials engineer, is a staff scientist in the Technology & Markets department at nova Institute. Her main focus is on biobased materials, especially bio-based polymers. She is well acquainted with the global market for bio-based polymers and building blocks as she is one of the authors of the market study Bio-based Building Blocks and Polymers in the World Capacities, Production and Applications: Status Quo and Trends Towards She is also in charge of the overall organization of the International Conference on Bio-based Materials. Michael Carus (MSc) (Germany), physicist, founder and managing director of the nova-institute, has worked in the field of Bio-based Economy for over 20 years. This includes biomass feedstock, processes, bio-based chemistry, polymers, fibres and composites. His work deals with market analysis, techno-economic and ecological evaluation as well as the political and economic framework for bio-based processes and applications ( level playing field for industrial material use ). Carus is part of an extensive, worldwide network, which enabled nova-institute to make use of leading experts in the field for its market study. Wolfgang Baltus (PhD) (Thailand) worked for BASF for 15 years and was responsible for the business development of environmental friendly coatings in Asia. From 2008 until 2014, Baltus worked for the National Innovation Agency (NIA) in Bangkok. In October 2014, he started work as a consultant for the Precise Corporation, a group of Thai companies specialized in the field of electrical power distribution equipment, project and service for substations, renewable energy and supervisory systems. His main target is to assist Precise get nova-institut GmbH, Version nova-institut GmbH, Version

12 a foothold in the biorefinery business, introducing smart community concepts in Thailand. He is regarded as one of the leading experts on bio-based polymer markets and policy in Asia. Howard Blum (BSChem, MBA) (Philadelphia-USA) is a B2B chemical industry professional with more than 30 years experience working in the chemical and polymer field. Previously with Conoco Oil, Chem Systems and Kline, he now runs his own firm Chemicals & Plastics Advisory, focusing on biopolymers and biorenewable solutions. The firm s mission is to provide business development services for quickly identifying new markets, technologies and opportunities, with real-time implementation to speed up the marketing and sales process and minimize revenue-limiting activities. His clients include multi-national companies that require assistance in market and technology analysis, new business development and project management. In addition to the chemical and plastics industry, he has assisted clients from the oil & gas, catalysts, packaging, automotive and healthcare-pharma industry sectors. Rainer Busch (Dr.rer.nat.) (Germany) is a chemist with 24 years of experience in the chemical industry. He worked in various positions in R&D with Dow Chemical, mainly in technology scouting and intellectual asset management. After his industrial career, he founded a consulting firm and focused on the chemical aspects of the industrial material use of biomass. He is currently scientific advisor to the leading edge cluster BioEconomy in central Germany and also visiting professor at the paper centre Gernsbach near Karlsruhe (Germany). Rainer has published and co-authored several papers and articles on the use of renewable resources in the chemical industry. Dirk Carrez (PhD) (Belgium) is one of the leading policy consultants on a Bio-based Economy in Brussels. He was Director Industrial Biotechnology at EuropaBio, the European Association for Bioindustries, until He is now Managing Director of Clever Consult, Brussels. In 2013 he became the Executive Director of the new industrial association BIC (Bio-based Industries Consortium), which is the private partner in the Biobased Industries Initiative (BBI JU), a new PPP between the EU Commission and more than 70 bio-based economy companies. Constance Ißbrücker (Germany) has been working as Environmental Affairs Manager for European Bioplastics since February She is responsible for issues related to the compostability, sustainability, and standardization of bioplastics. Constance Ißbrücker holds a degree in chemistry from the University of Jena in Germany with a specialization in Bioorganic and Macromolecular Chemistry. Before joining the association she worked in different research groups at universities in Berlin and Jena. Her research background is in polysaccharide chemistry, in particular cellulose dissolution, modification and analytics. Harald Käb (PhD) (Germany) is a chemist and has an unblemished 20-year bio-based chemistry and plastics track record. From 1999 to 2009 he chaired the board and developed European Bioplastics, the association that represents the bioplastics industry in Europe. Since 1998 he has been working as an independent consultant, helping green pioneers and international brands to develop and implement smart business, media and policy strategies for bio-based chemicals and plastics. Kristy-Barbara Lange (Germany) is Deputy Managing Director at European Bioplastics and heads the communications division of the association. Since 2010 she has been responsible for all of the association s communications, internally and externally, including media relations and corporate publishing. Since she joined managing team in early 2015, her further focus areas now include EU policy and membership development. She holds a Master of Political Sciences from Heidelberg University, Germany. Before joining European Bioplastics, Kristy worked in international PRagencies for several years, with a focus on the infrastructure and (renewable) energy industry sectors. Jim Philp (PhD) (France) is a microbiologist who has been a policy analyst at the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in Paris since 2011, where he specializes in industrial biotechnology, synthetic biology and biomass sustainability. He has been an academic for about sixteen years, researching environmental and industrial biotechnology: bioremediation, biosensors, wastewater science and engineering. He was involved in various UK government initiatives in biotechnology, such as Biotechnology Means Business, and BioWise. He was coordinator of the LINK Bioremediation Programme, at the academic-industrial interface, for about six years. He spent a total of eight and a half years working as an oil biotechnologist for Saudi Aramco in Saudi Arabia, investigating field problems related to chemistry and microbiology, and developing biotechnology solutions for improved oil recovery and exploitation. He has authored over 300 articles. In 2015 he was inducted into Who s Who. Jan Ravenstijn (MSc) (The Netherlands) has more than 35 years of experience in the chemical industry with Dow Chemical and DSM, including 15 years in executive global R&D positions in engineering plastics, thermosets and elastomers. He is currently a visiting professor and consultant to CEOs of biopolymer companies and has published several papers and articles on the market development of bio-based polymers. Jan Ravenstijn is regarded as one of the world s leading experts in his field. Hasso von Pogrell (Germany) has been Managing Director of European Bioplastics since March Upon completion of his education in Germany and a two-year term of military services, he studied Economics at the University of Cologne, where he graduated in He began his political career as a lobbyist in 1995, when he joined the Germany Industry Association for Optical, Medical and Mechatronical Technologies. There he was responsible for public relations and economics. After a two-year stint as General Manager at the Federal Association of the German Medium and Large Retail Enterprises, he returned to the industry sector. As Head of Department for Foreign Affairs at the Association of the German Construction Industry and Assistant Director of the European International Contractors (EIC), he served the construction industry for seven years from 2000 to He directed the affairs of the Association of the German Sawmill Association as its Managing Director between 2007 and nova-institut GmbH, Version nova-institut GmbH, Version

13 Sustainability Dissemination & Marketing Support B2B communication Conferences & Workshops Marketing Strategies Environmental Evaluation Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) Life Cycle Inventories Meta-Analyses of LCAs Political Framework & Strategy System Analysis Strategic Consulting Bio-based Economy Bio-based Chemicals & Materials Biorefineries Industrial Biotechnology Carbon Capture & Utilization Market Research Volumes & Trends Competition Analysis Feasibility and Potential Studies Technology & Markets Raw Material Supply Availability & Prices Sustainability Techno-Economic Evaluation (TEE) Process Economics Target Costing Analysis nova-institute The nova-institut GmbH was founded as a private and independent institute in It is located in the Chemical Park Knapsack in Huerth, which lies at the heart of the chemical industry around Cologne (Germany). For the last two decades, nova-institute has been globally active in feedstock supply, technoeconomic and environmental evaluation, market research, dissemination, project management and policy for a sustainable bio-based economy. Key questions regarding nova activities What are the most promising concepts and applications for Industrial biotechnology, biorefineries and bio-based products? What are the challenges for a post petroleum age the Third Industrial Revolution? nova-institut GmbH Chemiepark Knapsack Industriestraße Hürth, Germany T +49 (0) / F +49 (0) / contact@nova-institut.de Order the full report The full report can be ordered for 3,000 plus VAT and the old report (as of 2013) for 1,000 plus VAT at Please find the table of contents of the full report with market data, trend reports and company data, containing 474 pages and 202 tables and figures, on pages nova-institut GmbH, Version