Introduction [1] Introduction to the course; CEO and CLO

Transcription

1 MME 297: Lecture 01 Introduction [1] Introduction to the course; CEO and CLO Dr. A. K. M. Bazlur Rashid Professor, Department of MME BUET, Dhaka Topics to discuss today. What are Biomaterials? Classes of Materials Used as Biomaterials What is Biocompatibility? What Governs Biomaterials Selection? Materials Science and Engineering Paradigm MME297 Structure and Properties of Biomaterials 2/28

2 What are Biomaterials? One (of numerous) definitions: a biomaterial is any material designed to interact in some fashion with a biological system Any material of natural or of synthetic origin that comes in contact with tissue, blood or biological fluids and intended for use in prosthetic, diagnostic, therapeutic or storage applications without adversely affecting the living organism and its components Biomaterials are defined by their application NOT chemical make-up 3/28 General applications of biomaterials Storage of fluids, tissues, and other biological products Diagnosis Monitoring Therapy 4/28

3 Therapeutic Devices in Orthopedics the branch of medicine dealing with the correction of deformities of bones or muscles 5/28 Applications in Dentistry 6/28

4 Catheters Medical catheters are tubes used in healthcare to deliver medications, fluids or gases to patients or to drain bodily fluids such as urine. 7/28 In Ophthalmology the branch of health science dealing with the eye, including its anatomy, physiology, pathology, and other aspects 8/28

5 In Nephrology the branch of medicine that deals with the physiology and diseases of the kidneys 9/28 In Drug Delivery 10/28

6 Modern Applications - Tissue Replacement 11/28 Classes of Materials Used as Biomaterials Drug Delivery Devices Polymers Skin/cartilage Ocular implants Orthopedic screws / fixation Bone replacements Metals Synthetic BIOMATERIALS Ceramics Heart valves Dental Implants Dental Implants Implantable Microelectrodes Semiconductor Materials Biosensors 12/28

7 MIT, OCW 13/28 What are Biocompatibility? The idea of biocompatibility is central to what makes a material a biomaterial. Biocompatibility is the ability of a material to perform with an appropriate host response in a specific application. Appropriate host responses resistance to blood clotting resistance to bacterial colonization normal, uncomplicated healing Specific applications hemodialysis membrane urinary catheter hip joint replacement prosthesis 14/28

8 What do we mean when we say a biomaterial is biocompatible? Is biocompatibility determined by a simple yes or no declaration, or, is there a continuum of biocompatibilities ranging from good to bad? How can we measure biocompatibility? How do we improve or enhance the biocompatibility of a biomaterial? The modern-day concept of biocompatibility involves identification of quantifiable parameters, testable hypotheses, and validated engineering rules. 15/28 What Governs Biomaterials Selection? Historically Today Today Future 1. Bulk properties matches to those of natural organs Mechanical (e.g., modulus, E) Chemical (e.g., corrosion and degradation) Optical (e.g., whiteness, clarity) 2. Ability to process Rational design of biomaterials based on better understanding of natural materials and the material/biological organism interface. Adoption of the Materials Engineering Paradigm 3. Federal regulations Medical device amendment, 1976, USA (all new biomaterials must undergo premarket approval for safety and efficacy)???? 16/28

9 Materials Science and Engineering Paradigm Structure Processing Properties Performance Relationship understanding and controlling of the performance of useful solid materials Performance through the study of interrelationships between materials synthesis and processing, structure, and properties Structure Properties Processing 17/28 Biomaterials research in the modern era is marked by a high degree of interdisciplinarity: Materials Science and Engineering Nanomaterials and nanotechnology Chemistry and chemical engineering Biology and bioengineering Physics and biophysics Biomechanics and mechanical engineering Boston Scientific s Epic vascular stent system made from nitinol (nickel - titanium alloy) 18/28

10 Materials Science and Engineering Nanomaterials and nanotechnology Chemistry and chemical engineering Biology and bioengineering Physics and biophysics Biomechanics and mechanical engineering Gold nanoshells for photothermal anti-tumor applications 19/28 Materials Science and Engineering Nanomaterials and nanotechnology Chest Tube current method prone to infection Chemistry and chemical engineering Biology and bioengineering Physics and biophysics Biomechanics and mechanical engineering silicone polymer AssureFit Developed by Clemson 20/28

11 Biomaterials Scientists study the interactions of natural and synthetic substances and implanted devices with living cells, their components, and complexes such as tissues and organs. Biomaterials Engineers develop and characterize the materials used to measure, restore and improve physiologic function, and enhance survival and quality of life. 21/28 MME 297 Structure and Properties of Biomaterials 3.00 Credits 300 Marks Course Description Basic concepts of materials science. Classification, structure and properties of materials. Properties requirement of biomaterials and the concept of biocompatibility. Cell-material interactions and foreign body response. Genotoxicity assessment. Processing and properties of important biometallic and bioceramic materials. Synthesis of biocompatible coating on structural implant materials. Processing and properties of polymer-based biocomposites. Characterization of biomaterials. 22/28

12 Tentative Lecture Format Introduction Structure - Properties Correlation Classification of Biomaterials Processing and Properties of Biocompatible Materials Host Reaction to Biomaterials and Their Evaluations Practical Aspects of Biomaterials 23/28 Course Learning Objective (CLO) This course is designed to introduce students to the various classes of biomaterials in use and their methods of manufacturing, properties and applications in selected subspecialties of medicine.

13 Course Outcome (CO) Upon successful completion of this course, the student will be able to: 1. differentiate the various classes of biomaterials on the basis of their structures and functions; 2. understand various methods used to manufacture different types of synthetic biomaterial; 3. identify and apply modern analytical tools to characterize of bulk and surface properties of biomaterials; 4. differentiate the molecular and cellular events that follow exposure of materials to bodily fluids and to contact with various tissues of the human body; and, to 5. describe various practical aspects of biomedical device design, fabrication and testing. 25/28 Reference Textbooks 1. W D Callister, Jr. and D G Rethwisch Materials Science and Engineering An Introduction 9th Ed, Wiley, B D Ratner, A S Hoffman, F J Schoen and J E Lemons Biomaterials Science An Introduction to Materials in Medicine 3rd Ed, Elsevier, 2012 Course Website 26/28

14 Continuous Assessment Process 10% Attendance 20% Class Tests (Best 3 out of 4) 2 class tests of 4 shall be taken undeclared!! 27/28 Next Class MME 297 Lecture 02 Introduction to Biomaterials [2] Introduction to Biomaterials: Definition, performance and biocompatibility