Corynespora cassiicola

Transcription

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2 Corynespora cassiicola Corynespora cassiicola (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) C. T. Wei type species of the genus (>100 described species) Found on diverse substrates: plant leaves, stems, and roots; nematode cysts; Pathogen of over 530 plant species from 380 genera, including monocots, dicots, ferns, and one cycad Pathogenicity varies among isolates Saprotrophic and endotrophic isolates

3 Rubber Papaya Soybean Mandevilla Cucumber Hibiscus Summa phytopathol. vol.38 no.2 Botucatu Apr./June

4 Symptoms on cotton include numerous small circular lesions that may expand to larger target like lesions of > 0.5 inch in diameter. Up to 70% premature defoliation has been reported from GA (Fulmer et al., 2012)

5 Corynespora cassiicola Corynespora cassiicola (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) C. T. Wei type species of the genus (>100 described species) Found on diverse substrates: plant leaves, stems, and roots; nematode cysts; Pathogen of over 530 plant species from 380 genera, including monocots, dicots, ferns, and one cycad Pathogenicity varies among isolates Saprotrophic and endotrophic isolates Human skin infections (immunocompromised individuals): Lv GX et al Med Mycol. Phaeohyphomycosis caused by a plant pathogen, Corynespora cassiicola. 49: Huang HK et al Subcutaneous infection caused by Corynespora cassiicola, a plant pathogen. 60:

6 Corynespora cassiicola Huang HK et al Subcutaneous infection caused by Corynespora cassiicola, a plant pathogen. 60:

7 Target spot of tomato (Corynespora cassiicola)

8 Require high humidity...rain or dew...for infection. Easily dispersed by wind. In general, disease development favored by temps < 90 F and long periods of high moisture (16 44 hr). Target spot of tomato (Corynespora cassiicola)

9 Under ideal conditions, disease progresses rapidly. Target spot of tomato (Corynespora cassiicola)

10 Target spot of tomato (Corynespora cassiicola)

11 Target spot of tomato (Corynespora cassiicola) Conidia are long, hyline with 4 20 pseudosepta. Form singly or in chains of two to six. Pronounced hilum at the base.

12 Target spot of tomato (Corynespora cassiicola)

13 Target spot of tomato (Corynespora cassiicola) Anthracnose of tomato (Colletotrichum spp.)

14 Target Early blight spot affects of tomato tomato (Corynespora (Alternaria tomatophila) cassiicola)

15 A. solani Early blight of potato (Alternaria solani) Target Early blight spot affects of tomato tomato (Corynespora (Alternaria tomatophila) cassiicola)

16 Target Spot Early Blight

17 Symptoms of target spot can be confused with other foliar pathogens. Grey Leaf Spot (Stemphyllium spp.)

18 Symptoms of target spot can be confused with other foliar pathogens. Grey Leaf Spot (Stemphyllium spp.)

19 MOA (FRAC) Fungicide Commercial name Multi-site, contact fungicide (M3) mancozeb Dithane/Penncozeb Multi-site, contact fungicide (M5) chlorothalonil Bravo QoI; strobilurins (11) azoxystrobin fluoxastrobin pyraclostrobin trifloxystrobin Quadris Evito Cabrio Flint QoI; non-strobilurins (11) SDHI; Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (7) fenamidone famoxidone boscalid penthiopyrad* fluopyram* fluxapyroxad* benzovindiflupyr* Reason Tanos (mix w/ cymoxanil) Endura Fontelis* Luna* Priaxor* (mix w/ pyraclostrobin) ApproviaTop* (w/ difenoconazole) DMI; Demethylase inhibitors (3) difenoconazole RevusTop (mix w/ mandipropamid) Inspire Super (mix w/ cyprodinil) Methionine biosynthesis inhibitors (9) pyrimethanil cyprodinil Scala Switch (mix w/ fludioxonil) Inspire Super (w/difenoconazole)

20 New SDHIs Boscalid (BASF) Fluxapyroxad (BASF) Penthiopyrad (DuPont) Benzovindiflupyr (Syngenta) Fluopyram (Bayer)

21 Control Control 1 µg/ml 5 µg/ml 10 µg/ml 50 µg/ml Testing Fungicide Sensitivity: C. cassiicola Azoxystrobin Pyraclostrobin Boscalid

22 Bravo (4.125 pts) Bravo (2.75 pts) Bravo pts) Testing Fungicide Sensitivity: C. cassiicola - Tomato seedling assay: plants inoculated with spores of a single isolate of C. cassiicola the day after receiving fungicide treatments. QoI SDHI - sensitive SDHI Multi-MOA

23 MOA (FRAC) Fungicide Commercial name Multi-site, contact fungicide (M3) mancozeb Dithane/Penncozeb Multi-site, contact fungicide (M5) chlorothalonil Bravo QoI; strobilurins (11)??QoI; non-strobilurins (11)?? SDHI; Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors (7) azoxystrobin fluoxastrobin pyraclostrobin trifloxystrobin fenamidone?? famoxidone?? boscalid penthiopyrad* fluopyram* fluxapyroxad* Quadris Evito Cabrio Flint AVOID! Evidence of widespread resistance to group 11 (QoI) fungicides. Reason?? Tanos (mix w/ cymoxanil)?? Endura Fontelis* (LEM-17) Luna* Priaxor (mix w/ pyraclostrobin) DMI; Demethylase Inhibitors (3) difenoconazole RevusTop (mix w/ mandipropamid) Inspire Super (mix w/ cyprodinil) Methionine biosynthesis inhibitors (9) pyrimethanil cyprodinil Scala (2ee label) Switch (mix w/ fludioxonil) Inspire Super (mix w/difenoconazole)

24 MOA (FRAC) Fungicide Commercial name Multi-site, contact fungicide (M3) mancozeb Dithane/Penncozeb Multi-site, contact fungicide (M5) chlorothalonil Bravo QoI; strobilurins (11)??QoI; non-strobilurins (11)?? SDHI; Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors (7) azoxystrobin fluoxastrobin pyraclostrobin trifloxystrobin fenamidone?? famoxidone?? boscalid penthiopyrad* fluopyram* fluxapyroxad* Quadris Evito Cabrio Flint Caution! Evidence of mixed populations with some resistance to group 7 (SDHI) fungicides. ROTATION!! Reason?? Tanos (mix w/ cymoxanil)?? Endura Fontelis* (LEM-17) Luna* Priaxor (mix w/ pyraclostrobin) DMI; Demethylase Inhibitors (3) difenoconazole RevusTop (mix w/ mandipropamid) Inspire Super (mix w/ cyprodinil) Methionine biosynthesis inhibitors (9) pyrimethanil cyprodinil Scala (2ee label) Switch (mix w/ fludioxonil) Inspire Super (mix w/difenoconazole)

25 Fall 2011 Field Trial P < P < ab a b b a a cd c b b d c % Disease Severity (final) % Disease Severity (final) Two parallel field trials: one trial inoculated with 2 SDHI sensitive isolates of Corynespora cassiicola and the other with 2 SDHI insensitive isolates. Six replicates per a treatment in each set of plots. Notice how the Fontelis and Endura treatments did better when trial was inoculated with SDHI sensitive strains than SDHI resistant strains. Keep in mind that they were applied in alternation with Bravo Weatherstik.

26 Spring 2012 Field Trial Trial was impacted by Late Blight and Target Spot... ** b c c b b a Trial was inoculated with SDHI Sensitive strains of C. cassiicola. However, it was also impacted by Late Blight. Control was equally impacted by both diseases, while Bravo only controlled Late Blight. bc Final

27 Spring 2013 Target Spot + Early Blight Disease Severity (%) x Treatment, Rate/100 gal (Timing) w May 17 May 21 May 31 AUDPC y Bravo Weatherstik, 2 pt 62.8 a-d 76.3 a 83.8 bcd 3326 ab QuadrisTop, 8 floz alt.; Bravo 36.2 efg 76.3 a 86.1 abc 2571 b-e Cabrio, 16 oz alt.; Bravo 69.0 ab 83.8 a 88.5 abc 3638 a Fluopyram 500SC, 6.8 floz (DRIP 3,5); Luna Tranquility, 11 floz (4,6,8); alt. Bravo 23.0 g 46.8 b 66.8 e 1846 e Luna Tranquility, 11 floz alt. Bravo 29.8 fg 48.4 b 78.4 d 2152 de Priaxor, 6 floz + Induce, 0.25 % v/v; alt. Bravo 52.6 a-e 75.4 a 92.1 a 3233 abc Priaxor, 8 floz + Induce, 0.25 % v/v ; alt. Bravo 55.6 a-e 86.1 a 86.1 abc 3430 ab Nontreated control 54.1 a-e 88.5 a 88.5 abc 3320 ab Inspire Super, 20 floz (5,8) alt. Bravo 44.6 b-f 78.4 a 83.8 bcd 2852 a-d Mettle, 6 floz; alt. Bravo 40.6 b-f 76.3 a 86.1 abc 2670 a-d Mettle, 8 floz; alt. Bravo 35.7 efg 55.0 b 83.8 bcd 2316 cde Revus Top, 7 floz 46.1 a-f 71.4 a 71.4 e 2957 a-d Koverall, 1.5 lb 53.2 a-e 80.6 a 81.5 cd 3288 ab Koverall, 1 lb 64.6 abc 78.4 a 81.5 cd 3494 ab Regalia, 64 floz 76.3 a 86.1 a 93.2 a 3407 ab Taegro, 5.2 oz + Bravo 71.4 a 79.4 a 86.1 abc 3162 abc P = Inoculated with SDHI sensitive isolates. Bacterial leaf spot managed with a rotational program that included antibiotics. Severe disease outbreak that was favored by extended periods of rain.

28 Spring 2014 Target spot, Early blight and Gray leaf spot Disease Severity (% leaf area): Treatment, rate/100 gal w 3-Apr x 11-Apr 24-Apr 8-May AUDPC y Bravo Weatherstik, 2 pt b z 35.7 b 764 b Non-treated control a 71.4 a 1290 a Exp 1, custom; Activator 90, % v/v b 48.4 ab 828 b Exp 2, custom; Activator 90, % v/v bc 55.0 ab 872 b Exp 3, custom; Activator 90, % v/v b 55.0 ab 896 ab Scala, 7 floz c 48.4 ab 668 b P = * Fruit Weight (lbs/10 plants): Treatment, rate/100 gal Medium Large X. Large Total Bravo Weatherstik, 2 pt b 34.2 b Non-treated c 18.5 c Exp 1, custom; Activator 90, % v/v b 35.3 ab Exp 2, custom; Activator 90, % v/v bc 26.8 bc Exp 3, custom; Activator 90, % v/v ab 36.0 ab Scala, 7 floz a 47.1 a P = Inoculated with SDHI sensitive isolates. Bacterial leaf spot managed with a rotational program that included antibiotics.

29 Spring Target spot, Gray leaf spot and Early blight Foliar Disease Severity (%): Treatment, rate/100 gal (Apps.) 3-Apr 11-Apr 24-Apr 8-May 29-May AUDPC Bravo Weatherstik, 2 pt ab 37.5 ab 22.1 ab 1451 b Oso, 6.5 oz alt. Bravo bc 26.3 bc 15.5 bc 1075 bc Oso, 6.5 oz ab 31.4 bc 22.1 ab 1359 bc BmJ, 4.5 oz alt. Bravo ab 26.3 bc 22.1 ab 1314 bc QuadrisTop, 8 floz alt. Bravo bc 26.3 bc 18.5 bc 1195 bc Mettle, 6 floz bc 35.7 ab 15.5 bc 1281 bc Mettle, 8 floz bc 31.4 bc 18.5 bc 1352 bc Equation, 5 floz bc 37.5 ab 18.5 bc 1358 bc Equation, 6.2 floz bc 22.1 c 15.5 bc 1070 bc Quadris, 6.2 floz c 37.5 ab 12.9 c 1240 bc Non-treated control a 55.0 a 31.4 a 2055 a Priaxor, 6 floz bc 37.5 ab 18.5 bc 1328 bc Endura, 5 oz c 26.3 bc 12.9 c 1045 bc Quintec, 6 oz c 26.3 bc 12.9 c 1006 c Luna Tranquility, 11 floz c 26.3 bc 12.9 c 1051 bc Fluopyram 500SC, 6.8 floz bc 37.5 ab 18.5 bc 1388 bc P = **Unusually warm, wet spring led to high incidence of bacterial speck, which was managed with antibiotic rotation.

30 Can you identify the perpetrator? Target Spot Early Blight Many fungal diseases can look alike Without the aid of a microscope, exact identification can be tricky Gray Leaf Spot

31 Can you identify the perpetrator? Target Spot Early Blight Target Spot

32 Fall 2014 Target Spot + Early Blight P = < Statistically: Superior to control or Bravo alone. Equivalent to Bravo + Control Equivalent to Control AUDPC

33 Fall 2014 Target Spot + Early Blight P = < Statistically: Superior to control or Bravo alone. Equivalent to Bravo + Control Equivalent to Control Products that reduced foliar symptoms didn t necessarily perform well on fruit. Diseased Fruit (%)

34 Fungicide Sensitivity Frequency (%) of Corynespora cassiicola isolates SENSITIVE to different fungicides Region # Isolate boscalid (5 ppm) azoxystrobin (10 ppm) fluopyram (5 ppm) tebuconazole (10 ppm) fludioxonil (1 ppm) cyprodinil (3 ppm) Myakka Wimauma Immokalee Naples Parrish Quincy TOTAL *Sensitive strains exhibited > 50% reduction in colony diameter on amended media.

35 MOA (FRAC) Fungicide Commercial name Multi-site, contact fungicide (M3) mancozeb Dithane/Penncozeb Multi-site, contact fungicide (M5) chlorothalonil Bravo QoI; strobilurins (11) azoxystrobin fluoxastrobin pyraclostrobin trifloxystrobin Quadris Evito Cabrio Flint QoI; non-strobilurins (11) SDHI; Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors (7) fenamidone famoxidone boscalid penthiopyrad* fluopyram* fluxapyroxad* Reason Tanos (mix w/ cymoxanil) Endura Fontelis* (LEM-17) Luna* Priaxor* (mix w/ pyraclostrobin) DMI; Demethylase Inhibitors (3) difenoconazole RevusTop (mix w/ mandipropamid) Inspire Super (mix w/ cyprodinil) Methionine biosynthesis inhibitors (9) pyrimethanil cyprodinil Scala **Switch (mix w/ fludioxonil) Inspire Super (mix w/difenoconazole) **Switch label does not include Target Spot, but Early Blight and Grey mold a label expansion is in progress.

36 Fall 2014 Integrated Fungicide Programs Weeks: Program Fungicide Rate /100 gal Bravo Weatherstik 2pt x x x x x x x Scala 7floz x - x - Fontelis 16floz - - x - x - x Inspire Super 20floz x Penncozeb 2lb x x x x x x x Scala 7floz x Fontelis 16floz - - x - x - x Inspire Super 20floz x Penncozeb 2lb x x x x x x x Scala 7floz x Fontelis 16floz - - x - x - x Inspire Super 20floz x - - Switch 14oz x x 4 Actigard 0.5oz x x x x x x x Penncozeb 2lb x x x x x x x Scala 7floz x Fontelis 16floz - - x - x - x Switch 14oz x x 5 Actigard 0.5oz x x x x x x x Penncozeb 2lb x x x x x x x Scala 7floz x Fontelis 16floz - - x - x - x Switch 14oz x x **Folicur 8oz - x - x - x - 6 Non-Treated Control Inoculated with SDHI sensitive isolates. Bacterial leaf spot managed with a rotational program that included antibiotics. Severe disease outbreak that was favored by extended periods of rain.

37 Fall 2014 Integrated Fungicide Programs Disease Severity (%): Diseased Trt Treatment, Rate/100 gal (Week) 14-Nov 16-Dec 13-Jan AUDPC Fruit (%) 1 Bravo Weatherstik, 2 pt (1-7); Fontelis, 16 floz (3,5,7); Scala, 7 floz (4,6); Inspire Super, 20 floz (5) 5.2ab 60.4ab 73.4ab 754a 14.4b 2 Penncozeb, 2 lb (1-7); Fontelis, 16 floz (3,5,7); Scala, 7 floz (4); Inspire Super, 20 floz (5); 3.0b 42.6bc 55.0bc 532b 16.3b 3 Penncozeb, 2 lb (1-7); Fontelis, 16 floz (3,5,7); Scala, 7 floz (4,7); Inspire Super, 20 floz (5); Switch, 14 oz (6,7); 3.0b 31.4c 42.6cd 415bc 11.6bc 4 Actigard, 0.5 oz (1-7); Penncozeb, 2 lb (1-7); Fontelis, 16 floz (3,5,7); Scala, 7 floz (4); Switch, 14 oz (6,7); 3.0b 15.4d 55.0bc 346c 14.0bc 5 Actigard, 0.5 oz (1-7); Penncozeb, 2 lb (1-7); Folicur, 8 oz (2,4,6); Fontelis, 16 floz (3,5,7); Scala, 7 floz (4); Switch, 14 oz (6,7) 3.0b 12.9d 31.4d 241d 7.9c 6 Non-Treated Control, (1-7) 9.1a 76.3a 97.0a 999a 34.4a P = < < <

38 Fall 2014 Integrated Fungicide Programs Control Prog. 3 Penncozeb, 2 lb (1-7); Fontelis, 16 floz (3,5,7); Scala, 7 floz (4,7); Inspire Super, 20 floz (5); Switch, 14 oz (6,7);

39 Fall 2014 Integrated Fungicide Programs Prog. 3 Penncozeb, 2 lb (1-7); Fontelis, 16 floz (3,5,7); Scala, 7 floz (4,7); Inspire Super, 20 floz (5); Switch, 14 oz (6,7); Prog. 5 Actigard, 0.5 oz (1-7); Penncozeb, 2 lb (1-7); Folicur, 8 oz (2,4,6); Fontelis, 16 floz (3,5,7); Scala, 7 floz (4); Switch, 14 oz (6,7)

40 Fall 2014 Integrated Fungicide Programs Prog. 1 Bravo Weatherstik, 2 pt (1-7); Fontelis, 16 floz (3,5,7); Scala, 7 floz (4,6); Inspire Super, 20 floz (5) Prog. 2 Penncozeb, 2 lb (1-7); Fontelis, 16 floz (3,5,7); Scala, 7 floz (4); Inspire Super, 20 floz (5);

41 Control Program 2 - mancozeb, instead of chlorothalonil

42 MOA (FRAC) Fungicide Commercial name Multi-site, contact fungicide (M3) mancozeb Dithane/Penncozeb Multi-site, contact fungicide (M5) chlorothalonil Bravo QoI; strobilurins (11) azoxystrobin fluoxastrobin pyraclostrobin trifloxystrobin Quadris Evito Cabrio Flint QoI; non-strobilurins (11) SDHI; Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors (7) fenamidone famoxidone boscalid penthiopyrad* fluopyram* fluxapyroxad* Reason Tanos (mix w/ cymoxanil) Endura Fontelis* (LEM-17) Luna* Priaxor* (mix w/ pyraclostrobin) DMI; Demethylase Inhibitors (3) Difenoconazole RevusTop (mix w/ mandipropamid) Inspire Super (mix w/ cyprodinil) Methionine biosynthesis inhibitors (9) pyrimethanil cyprodinil Scala Switch (mix w/ fludioxonil) Inspire Super (mix w/difenoconazole) Switch label does not include Target Spot, but Early Blight and Grey mold

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