Tissue, Cell and Organ Engineering

Transcription

1 Nanotechnologies for the Life Sciences Volume 9 Tissue, Cell and Organ Engineering Edited by Challa S. S. R. Kumar WILEY- VCH WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA

2 VII Contents Preface XV List of Authors XIX 1 Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering: The Scaffold Based Approach 1 Lakshmi S. Nair, Subhabrata Bhattacharyya, and Cato T. Laurencin 1.1 Overview Introduction The Importance of ScafFolds in Tissue Engineering Structure and Functions of Natural Extracellular Matrix Applications of Nanotechnology in Developing ScafFolds for Tissue Engineering Polymerie Nanofiber ScafFolds Top-down Approaches in Developing ScafFolds for Nano-based Tissue Engineering Bottom-up Approaches in Developing ScafFolds For Nano-based Tissue Engineering Cell Behavior Towards Nano-based Matrices Applications of Nano-based Matrices as ScafFolds For Tissue Engineering Stem Cell Adhesion and DifFerentiation Neural Tissue Engineering Cardiac and Blood Vessel Tissue Engineering Bone, Ligament and Cartilage Tissue Engineering Conclusions 55 ReFerences 56 2 Polymerie Nanofibers in Tissue Engineering 66 Seow Hoon Saw, Karen Wang, Thomas Yong, and Seeram Ramakrishna 2.1 Overview Introduction HistoryoF Tissue Engineering and Nanofibers Classification of Nanofibers Synthetic Polymers Biopolymers 69 Nanotechnologies for the Life Sdences Vol. 9 Tissue, Cell and Org/m Engineering. Edited by Challa S. S. R. Kumar Copyright 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim ISBN:

3 VIII Contents Copolymers Composite Polymers Nanofiber Fabrication Drawing Template Synthesis Phase Separation Self-assembly Electrospinning Degradation and Absorption Kinetics of Nanofiber Scaffolds Compared with Conventional Scaffolds Advantages and Disadvantages of Nanofiber Scaffolds Compared with Other Conventional Scaffolds Biocompatibility ofnano-stractured Tissue Engineered Implants Applications of Polymerie Nanofibers in Tissue Engineering Ophthalmology Liver Nerve Skin Bone and Cartilage Heart and Vascular Grafts Stern Cells Innovations in Nanofiber Scaffolds Conclusion 115 References Electrospinning Technology for Nanofibrous Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering 135 Wan-Ju Li, Rabie M. Shcrnti, and Rocky S. Juan 3.1 Introduction Nanofibrous Scaffolds Fabrication Methods for Nanofibrous Scaffolds Phase Separation Self-assembly Electrospinning The Electrospinning Process History Setup Mechanism and Working Parameters Properties of Electrospun Nanofibrous Scaffolds Architecture Porosity Mechanical Properties Current Development of Electrospun Nanofibrous Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering Evidence Supporting the Use of Nanofibrous Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering 146

4 Nanofibrous ScafFolds Enhance Adsorption of Cell Adhesion Molecules Nanofibrous ScafFolds Induce Favorable Cell-ECM Interaction Nanofibrous ScafFolds Maintain Cell Phenotype Nanofibrous ScafFolds Support DifFerentiation of Stern Cells Nanofibrous ScafFolds Promote in vivo-vke 3D Matrix Adhesion and Activate Cell Signaling Pathway Biomaterials Electrospun into Nanofibrous ScafFolds Natural Polymerie Nanofibrous ScafFolds Synthetic Polymerie Nanofibrous ScafFolds Composite Polymerie Nanofibrous ScafFolds Nanofibrous ScafFolds Coated with Bioactive Molecules Engineered Tissues using Electrospun Nanofibrous ScafFolds Skin BloodVessel Cartilage Bone Muscle Ligament Nerve Current Challenges and Future Directions Conclusion 177 References Nanofibrous Scafiolds and their Biological Effects 188 Laura A Smith, Jonathan A. Beck, and Peter X. Ma 4.1 Overview Introduction 188 o 4.3 Methods of Formation Electrospinning Self-assembly Phase Separation Nanofibrous Composite ScafFolds Inorganic Gomposites Surface Modification Factor Delivery ScafFolds Biological Effects ofnanofibers Attachment Proliferation DifFerentiation Migration Tissue Formation Connective Tissue Ligaments Cartilage Bone 206

5 X Contents Neural Tissue Cardiovascular Tissue Cardiac Muscle Blood Vessel Liver Tissue Conclusion 209 References Nanophase Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering 216 Ramalingam Murugan and Seeram Ramakrishna 5.1 Introduction: Problems with Current Therapies Tissue Engineering: A Potential Solution Stern Cells: The Essentials Nanobiomaterials: A New Generation ScafFolding Material Characteristics of ScafFold Types of ScafFolding Materials Ceramic Nanobiomaterials Polymerie Nanobiomaterials Nanofibrous ScafFold Processing: Current Scenarios Self-assembly Phase Separation Electrospinning - A New Approach Experimental System Spinning Mechanism Electrospun Nanofibrous Scaffolds Cell-Matrix (ScafFold) Interactions Cell-Ceramic ScafFold Interactions Cell-Polymer ScafFold Interactions Concluding Remarks 248 Acknowledgments 249 Abbreviations 249 Glossary 250 References Orthopedic Tissue Engineering Using Nanomaterials 257 Michiko Sato and Thomas J. Webster 6.1 Preface Introduction: Problems with Current Implants A Potential Solution: Nanotechnology Current Research EfForts to Improve Implant Performance Targeted at the Nanoscale Ceramic Nanomaterials Metal Nanomaterials Polymerie Nanomaterials Composite Nanomaterials 274

6 6.3.2 In Vivo Compared with In Vitro Studies Considerations and Future Directions 278 Acknowledgments 279 References Hydroxyapatite Nanocrystals as Bone Tissue Substitute 283 Norberto Roveri and Barbara Palazzo 7.1 Overview Introduction Biogenic Hydroxyapatite: Bone and Teeth Biomimetic Hydroxyapatite: Porous and Substituted Apatites Biologically Inspired Hydroxyapatite: HA-Collagen Composites and Coatings Functionalized Hydroxyapatite: HA Nanocrystals - Bioactive Molecules Conclusion and Future Challenges 301 Acknowledgments 301 References Magnetic Nanoparticles for Tissue Engineering 308 Akira Ito and Hiroyuki Honda 8.1 Introduction Mesenchymal Stem Cell Isolation and Expansion MSC Expansion using MCLs MSC Isolation and Expansion using AMLs Mag-seeding Construction of 3D Tissue-like Structure Cell Sheet Engineering using RGD-MCLs Construction of a Keratinocyte Sheet using MCLs Delivery of Mag-tissue Engineered RPE Sheet Construction of a Liver-like Structure using MCLs Construction of Tubulär Structures using MCLs Conclusion 330 References Applications and Implications of Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes in Tissue Engineering 338 Peter S. McFetridge and Matthias U. Notiert 9.1 Introduction Electromagnetic Fields for Tissue Regeneration Tissue Engineering SWNT Preparation: Purification and Functionalization Specific Applications of Carbon Nanotubes in Tissue Engineering Conclusions 355 References 355 i

7 j XII Contents 10 Nanopartides for Cell Engineering - A Radical Concept 361 Beverly A Rzigalinski, Igor Danelisen, Elizabeth T. Strawn, Courtney A. Cohen, and Chengya Hang 10.1 Introduction and Overview Free Radicals and Oxidative Stress Sources of Intracellular Free Radicals Oxidative Stress Oxidative Stress and Disease A Nanotechnologie^ Approach to Oxidative Stress Rare Earth Oxide Nanopartides - Cerium Biological Effects ofcerium Biological Effects of Cerium Oxide Nanopartides Other Oxide Nanopartides Fullerene Derivatives and Carbon Nanotubes Nano-pharmacology Absorption Agglomeration 376 f Dose Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion Nanopartide Antioxidants and Treatment of Disease Toxicology Summary 380 References Nanopartides and Nanowires for Cellular Engineering 388 Jessica O. Winter 11.1 Introduction Biological Opportunities at the Nanoscale Nanostructures and Cells Nanopartide and Nanowire Synthesis for Biological Systems Nanopartide Synthesis Nanowire Synthesis Surface Passivation Strategies Bioconjugation Conjugation Strategies to Promote Non-specific Cellular Affinity Biomolecular Recognition Conjugation Strategies for Antibody-mediated Recognition Conjugation Strategies for Protein- and Peptide-mediated Recognition Toxicity (see also Volume 5 of this Series) Nanostructures to Mödify Cell Adhesion and Migration Cell Adhesion at the Nanoscale Cell Adhesion and Nanoscale Physical Topography Cell Adhesion and Nanoscale Chemical Patterns 405

8 Contents [XIII Cytoskeletal Manipulation Future Applications of Nanostructures for Cell Adhesion and Migration Future Physical Nanostructures for Cell Adhesion Future Chemical Patterns for Cell Adhesion Active Investigation of the Cytoskeleton 411 IIA Nanostructure Cellular Entry Biology of Molecular Delivery Nanostructure Endocytotic Delivery Other Methods of Cellular Entry Nanoparticle Intracellular Sensing Semiconductor Quantum Dots Magnetic Nanoparticles Future Directions Nanostructure Intracellular Delivery Intracellular Sensing Intracellular Transport of Nanostructures Biology of Intracellular Transport Actin-based Nanostructure Transport Microtubule-based Nanostructure Transport Future Directions Biomolecule Delivery Using Nanostructures Biology of Controlled Delivery Drug Delivery Gene Therapy Drug Delivery Cell Targeting In Vivo Drug Delivery for Cancer Treatment Gene Therapy Silica Nanocarriers Gold Nanocarriers Magnetic Nanocarriers Future Directions Drug Delivery Gene Therapy Protein Manipulation Biology of Protein Manipulation Manipulation of Free Proteins: Enzymes Manipulation of JBound Proteins: Receptors and Ion Channels Future Directions Summary and Conclusions Summary Conclusions 443 References 444

9 XIV Contents 12 Nanoengineering of Biomaterial Surfaces 461 Ashwath Jayagopal and Venkatram Prasad Shastri 12.1 Introduction Conventional Photolithography Electron-beam Lithography Soft Lithography Polymer-demixed Nanotopographies Star-shaped and other Novel Polymer Structures Vapor Deposition Self-assembly Particle Blasting Ion Beam and Plasma-guided Surface Engineering Sol-Gel Technology Nanolithography Laser-guided Strategies Rapid Prototyping Techniques Conclusions 496 Acknowledgments 496 References 497 Index 506