Understanding the problem and developing strategies for long term control.

Transcription

1 Understanding the problem and developing strategies for long term control.

2 Topics for us to consider Beetle population dynamics Monitoring beetle populations Beetle behavior Beetle control problems Developed resistance Strategies for optimizing long term beetle control Summary BMP s for Optimum Control

3 1/24/2005 7

4 4 4/21/2007

5 The Problem: Lots of Beetles Destroy insulation and structural wood Consume poultry feed Intermediate host of cecal and tapeworms Vector numerous poultry diseases Fowl pox, E.coli, Salmonella, Newcastle, and harbor many more When young chicks eat beetles, they display growth depression and increased mortality In dry litter conditions, and high beetle populations, larvae may burrow into young chicks for water; increasing mortality

6 Beetle Populations: Adult beetles can live for more than 12 months Darkling Beetles have no natural enemies Beetle populations can exceed 1,000 per square yard of litter A single female can lay more than 2,000 eggs in a lifetime Populations build more quickly as the temperature increases

7 Monitoring Beetle Populations: Advantages To spend money on treatments only when needed To track increases or decreases in populations To predict rapid increases in populations To determine the effectiveness of treatments

8 Monitoring Methods: Population Survey Visually inspect at least six locations under feed pans and six locations along the inside perimeter walls. Disturb a small area of the litter at each location and note numbers of adults seen, and note movement of the litter as an indication of the numbers of larvae present. Sample analysis Take 6, one-cup samples from under feed pans, and 6 one-cup samples from along the inside perimeter walls. Pour the contents of each sample into a 3 deep 12 x12 container. Count and record all adult and larval beetles.

9 Monitoring Methods: Trap counts Construct traps using 2 PVC pipe cut into 12 lengths. Fill with rolled up corrugated cardboard. Place 12 traps per house; six in the area of the feed lines and six placed at regular intervals along the inside perimeter walls. Remove the cardboard insert about every 2 weeks and place contents in a tupperware container. Count and record adult and larval beetles.

10 Beetle behavior: Life Cycle: Behaviors affecting control efforts: Congregate in large piles Burrow down in litter as an escape mechanism Move deeper in litter during cold weather Migrate from under feed lines to the perimeter walls 48 hours after bird removal Do not fly unless absolutely required Nocturnal by nature but active around the clock Beetles can fly about 12 miles

11 Beetle Control Problems: Litter depth Reliance on single control material Timing of insecticide application Mixing insecticide with disinfectants Application areas within the house Application equipment Temperature at the time of application Beetle migration after bird removal High ph of water used to mix product High ph of litter Using too little insecticide

12 Developed Resistance: What is developed resistance? It is a genetic shift in a population that will display a gradual reduction in the ability of an insecticide to kill. The eventual result will be a failure of the insecticide to deliver expected levels of control when using labeled recommendations. What causes this to happen? The selected insecticide kills the beetles within a population that are most sensitive to the active ingredient. This leaves the beetles that are least sensitive to reproduce. Repeated applications of the same insecticide will eventually create a beetle population that is very insensitive to the active ingredient.

13 Developed Resistance: How do we keep this from occurring? By using effective insecticides from three different classes within a calendar year will significantly reduce the potential for the creation of a developed resistance problem. How does rotating the use of three classes of insecticides help to solve the problem? It is very unlikely that individual beetles would have an insensitivity to multiple classes of insecticides. So by rotating classes you will be eliminating those beetles that had an insensitivity to the previous insecticide class used. This will keep the numbers of beetles within a population that display an insensitivity to a particular class of insecticides at a minimum.

14 Insecticide Classification Class Organophosphate Pyrethroid Spinosyns IGR Boric Acid Organophosphate Organophosphate Pyrethroid Pyrethroid Pyrethroid Active Chlorpyrifos Tetrachlovinphos Tetrachlorvinphos/ Dichlorvos Gamma-cyhalothrin Cyfluthrin Lambda-Cyhalothrin Permethrin Spinosad Nylar Boric Acid Common Durashield, Duratrol Rabon 50 WP, 3% Dust Ravap EC StandGuard Optashield CS, Tempo 20 WP, 1% Dust, SC Ultra Demand, Grenade Astro, Atroban, Ectiban and others Elector PSP Pyrishield Boric Acid 14 4/21/2007

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16 Bioassay For Developed Resistance: Tempo, Rabon, Optashield, and Durashield insecticides were tested in duplicate, to determine if they may be displaying a degree of developed resistance to these insecticides in selected populations of Darkling Beetles, collected from 4 different poultry farms. Natra-Shield was also included in the study to determine if it was effective enough to be considered for future use as an insecticide for controlling Darkling Beetles in poultry facilities. Small samples of adult and larval beetles were treated with amounts of insecticides that would be proportionally identical to the amounts used in treating a 20,000 sq.ft. poultry house. Two days after insecticide applications were made to the samples the numbers of live and dead adult and larvae were counted and recorded. The number of dead adult and larval beetles was compared to the total number of adult and larval beetles contained in each sample treated to determine the percent efficacy of each insecticide. When any of the percent efficacy was below 90% it would be considered to be an indication that there may be a developed resistance problem with the insecticide. The study results indicated possible developed resistance problem with Tempo on the larval stage at the R & T farm, House # 3, and the Jackie Shelton Farm, House # 1. Tempo also displayed possible developed resistance problem with adult and larval stages at the Dorcie Smith Farm, House # 5. Optashield displayed possible developed resistance problem on larval stage at all three of the farms included in the study. Durashield displayed possible developed resistance problem on both adult and larval stages at the Jackie Shelton Farm, House # 1.

17 TABLE # 1 - Result Table for Darkling Beetle Developed Resistance Study A=adult L=larvae R & T Farm House # 3 #live adult #dead adult #live larva #dead larva %efficacy-a %efficacy-l Tempo # Tempo # Rabon # Rabon # Optashield # Optashield # Durashield # Durashield # Natra-Shield # Nutra-Shield # Dorcie Smith Farm House # 5 Tempo # Tempo # Rabon # Rabon # Optashield # Optashield # Durashield # Durashield # Natra-Shield # Natra-Shield # Jackie Shelton Farm House # 1 Tempo # Tempo # Rabon # Rabon # Optashield # Optashield # Durashield # Durashield # Natra-Shield # Natra-Shield #

18 Conclusions: 1 The Wood Farm did not have enough beetle adults or larvae to conduct a reliable test. 2 Tempo 20 WP displayed indications of possible developed resistance problems in the larvae at all 3 tested farms, and the adult populations at the Dorcie Smith Farm. 3 Rabon 50 WP appears in these tests to display good to excellent control of adult beetles, and excellent control of the larval beetles at all tested farms. This material has been known as a very effective larvicide. 4 Optashield CS appears in these tests to offer very good control of adult beetles in populations from all farms tested, but displayed some indications of having developed resistance problems in controlling larval beetles. 5 Durashield CS appears in these tests to offer good to excellent control of both adult and larval beetles in the samples tested from 2 of the farms, but may be showing indications of possible developed resistance to both adult and larval beetles from the samples collected at the Jackie Shelton Farm. 6 Natra-Shield appears in these tests to offer excellent control of both adult and larval beetles in samples collected from all 3 farms tested.

19 Long Term Beetle Control Design an insecticide rotational program Monitor beetle populations Know how the different insecticides work and apply following labeled instructions Adjust tank mix ph to deliver an acid solution Apply insecticides on top of new litter instead of on the floor Do not combine insecticides with disinfectants in spray tank Focus applications to areas where beetle populations are concentrated Use equipment that delivers optimum results Heavy infestations may require 2 applications Insecticide treatment before clean-out Time insecticide application when house is warm

20 Working with you, in search of effective,economically sound solutions to real problems. Our staff would like to invite you to utilize our technical support services.

21 Designing an Insecticide Program Class Carbamate Organophosphate Organophosphate Organophosphate Organophosphate Pyrethroid Pyrethroid Pyrethroid Spinosyns IGR Sevin Cyfluthrin Lambda-Cyhalothrin Permethrin Spinosad Nylar Active Chlorpyrifos Tetrachlovinphos Tetrachlorvinphos/ Dichlorvos Dichlorvos Common 80% Sevin Durashield;Duratrol Rabon 50WP;3%Dust Ravap 23 EC Vapona 40 EC Optashield CS, Tempo 20 WP; 1%Dust; SC Ultra Demand; Grenade Astro; Atroban; Ectiban; and others Extinosad Pyrishield 1.3 EC

22 Summary Control litter depth Warm temperature at application Spray directed to areas of high beetle concentrations Use application equipment that will deliver optimum results Insecticide treatment before clean-out Rotate insecticide classes regularly Monitor beetle populations Apply insecticide by itself after all washing and disinfecting has dried Follow labeled directions Apply insecticides on top of new litter instead of on floors. Acid solution in the tank mix