Genomic resources conservation: Quo modo conservation? Sunil Archak, NBPGR

Transcription

1 Genomic resources conservation: Quo modo conservation? Sunil Archak, NBPGR

2 What are genomic resources? DNA sequence stretches having defined ends with known or unknown sequence and function, and with a potential utility in biotechnological intervention of biological processes for the welfare of mankind

3 Types of genomic resources Genomic, mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA RNA (total, mrna, short RNAs) DNA markers, probes, primers Vectors (cloning, expression, binary) Cloned genes, mutated genes, promoters, reporter constructs Libraries (sub-genomic; tissue, stage and treatment specific cdna and EST) BAC, YAC, PAC clone set from sequencing projects Sequence information

4 Are genomic resources a form of genetic resources? Genetic resources can actually give rise to whole organisms, genomic resources can at best recover traits (directly or indirectly) of these organisms 4

5 Genomic resources are a form of genetic resources? JUSTIFICATION Need Purpose Techno-legal Reasoning Genetic 5

6 Conserving genomic resources is the need of the hour Spin off Current research generates a lot of genomic resources Routine cloning Genome sequencing Conserve Necessary to conserve, document and utilize DNA materials Technical and legal aspects Need Physiological and morphological characterization Functional analysis Comparative genomics and plant breeding

7 Genomic resources are a form of genetic resources? JUSTIFICATION Need Purpose Techno-legal Reasoning Genetic 7

8 Purpose of Conservation Genetic resources Insurance against permanent loss Promote utilization Genomic resources Backup against permanent loss Promote utilization 8

9 Genomic resources are employed Transgenic plants Cisgenic plants Molecular breeding Germplasm screening

10 Genomic resources are a form of genetic resources? JUSTIFICATION Need Purpose Techno-legal Reasoning Genetic 10

11 What are genomic resources? Article 2 of the CBD defines the term, "genetic resources to mean any material of actual or potential value of plant, animal, microbial or other origin containing functional units of heredity In the same logic, Genomic Resources are whole or parts of the genome (DNA) or its functional units (RNA) of actual or potential value 11

12 Genomic resources are a form of genetic resources? JUSTIFICATION Need Purpose Techno-legal Reasoning Genetic 12

13 Ex situ conservation methodologies Seed gene bank Seed physiology Controlling moisture and temperature Build infrastructure (engineering and logistics) Tissue culture repository Totipotency Artificial medium Plant growth regulators Regeneration Cryobank Tissue Protocol Cryoprotectants Regeneration Methodologies are chronological and evolving

14 Genomic resources conservation a form of ex situ conservation Tools and techniques to characterize and utilize DNA sequences are available No requirement of whole organism! Value added products of genebanks can attract new clients involved in allele mining and cisgenesis, such as molecular biologists and geneticists alongside the traditional plant breeders

15 Genomic resources are a form of genetic resources? JUSTIFICATION Need Purpose Techno-legal Reasoning Genetic 15

16 Genomic resources conservation a form of ex situ conservation History of genetic resources conservation is studded with debates on the conceptual foundations of conservation methodologies The most noted ones have been on ex situ v/s in situ conservation generalist v/s mission oriented collections Contemplation of including genomic resources as a form genetic resources is bound to kindle discussions on theoretical differences

17 Sanctuary On farm PGR conservation In situ Botanical Garden Ex situ Genebank Seed Tissue culture Cryo dynamic Field STATIC 17

18 Genomic resources conservation a form of genetic resources conservation If ex situ collections are considered to be away from the actual evolutionary processes, genomic resources are nothing less than super-static ex situ collections

19 Genetic and Genomic Resources: Primary differences Conserve whole for part Conserve part for whole Resistance Yield Quality Adaptability Blast Resistance pid3 High Lysine hl Panicle Erectness qpe9-1 Vernalization vrn2 Genetic resource Genomic resource

20

21 Plant genomic resources banks Royal Botanic Gardens DNA Bank, Kew DNA Banking at the Missouri Botanical Garden The Australian Plant DNA Bank NIAS DNA Bank, Japan Bank at the Nationaal Herbarium Nederland DNA Bank Brazilian Flora Species Plant DNA Bank in Korea DNA Bank at Kirstenbosch, South Africa Trinity College DNA bank, Dublin Microbiology Riken Bioresource Center DNA Bank; Animals: San Francisco Zoo DNA Bank, The Frozen Ark, The Ambrose Monell Cryo Collection, New York, The Animal Gene Storage Resource Centre of Australia, Conservation Genome Resource Bank for Korean Wildlife, Frozen Zoo, Austrian DNA Bank for Farm Animal Genetic Resources, National Plant, Fungi and Animal DNA Bank, Poland (Source: )

22 Summary Genomic resources are extremely significant sources of variability Systematic conservation is needed Tools are available to use them in crop improvement Active participation of researchers in deposition as well as use 22

23 23