GENETICS. +he is considered the +he developed the of genetics that still apply today

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1 GENETICS MENDELIAN GENETICS *A Historical Representation of Mendel s Work ---Who was Gregor Mendel? +he is considered the +he developed the of genetics that still apply today ---How did Mendel describe the P generation / parental generation? +Mendel s P generation organisms were +true breeding organisms have for a particular trait +true breeding organisms can be represented with ---How did Mendel describe the F 1 generation / first filial generation? +Mendel s organisms were +hybrid organisms have genes for a particular trait +hybrid organisms can be represented with 1

2 ---How did Mendel describe the F 2 generation / second filial generation? +Mendel s F 2 generation contained both organisms and organisms *Mendel s Principles of Genetics ---Identify Mendel s hypotheses associated with genetics. +there are that determine heritable characteristics +for each inherited characteristic, an individual has, one from each parent +sperm and egg carry only for a characteristic +if an individual has two different genes for a characteristic, the gene that is expressed is considered, and the gene that is not expressed is considered ---Define Mendel s principle of segregation. 2

3 +pairs of genes +fertilization of an egg cell by a sperm cell again ---Define Mendel s principle of independent assortment. +each pair of genes during meiosis *Define the following terms associated with Mendelian genetics. --- : a gene that is expressed in a heterozygous individual (Aa) --- : a gene that is not expressed in a heterozygous individual (Aa) --- : describes an individual with two genes that are both dominant for a characteristic (AA) --- : describes an individual with two genes that are both recessive for a characteristic (aa) --- : describes an individual with two different genes for a characteristic (Aa) --- : refers to the genes found within an organism --- : refers to the physical appearance genes code for *Monohybrid Crosses ---What is a monohybrid cross? +a genetic cross involving ---What is a Punnett square? + 3

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6 *Dihybrid Crosses ---What is a dihybrid cross? +a genetic cross involving ---What is a Punnett square? + of a genetic cross 6

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8 *Hierarchy of Dominance ---What is complete dominance? +refers to a characteristic for which one gene is 8

9 ---What is incomplete dominance? +refers to a characteristic for which two genes are +the offspring show an, between the two parents ---What is codominance? +refers to a characteristic in which at the same time + are expressed in the offspring DNA AND DNA REPLICATION 9

10 *DNA Structure ---How did Watson and Crick contribute to our understanding of genetics? +Watson and Crick developed the for DNA ---What is a double helix? +the double helix refers to the molecule ---DNA is an abbreviation for what term? +DNA is also referred to as ---What are nucleotides? +nucleotides are small molecules used to build DNA +chromosome 1 has about 263 million nucleotides; chromosome 21 has about 50 million +the four different nucleotides in DNA include: ---What are the three parts found in every nucleotide? +each nucleotide is composed of three parts: 10

11 ---What are the complimentary base pairs found in DNA? + pairs with ; pairs with +therefore, the amount of = the amount of ; and the amount of = the amount of _ *DNA Replication ---When and why does DNA replication occur within cells? +DNA replication occurs during the of interphase; before cell division +this ensures each daughter cell will gets of all the chromosomes ---What are the key events of the template model for DNA replication? +helicase the double helix +the two exposed strands of DNA act as for DNA replication + adds the correct complimentary base pairs to the exposed strands ---What is the end result of DNA replication? + are produced; one copy for each new daughter cell 11

12 GENE EXPRESSION *RNA Structure ---RNA is an abbreviation for what term? +RNA is also referred to as What are nucleotides?

13 +nucleotides are small molecules used to build DNA +the four different nucleotides in RNA include: Adenine,, Cytosine, Guanine ---What are the three parts found in every nucleotide? +each nucleotide is composed of three parts: sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group *DNA vs. RNA Structure ---Use the following chart to help organize the differences between DNA and RNA. sugar present structure # of strands of nucleotides nitrogenous bases does its job in the DNA RNA multiple structures exist 13

14 *The Flow of Genetic Information ---What is the flow of genetic information? +, and the genetic information in RNA is used as a guide to make ; or DNA RNA Protein 14

15 *Transcription ---Before we can discuss how transcription occurs, we must be familiar with base pairing rules between DNA and RNA. DNA base A T C G C T G A RNA base ---When and where does transcription occur within a cell? +transcription occurs at inside the ---What are the key events of transcription? + unwinds the double helix +the template strand of DNA for mrna production +RNA polymerase to the exposed strands ---What is the end result of transcription? +,, and are produced +all three types of RNA are needed in 15

16 *Translation ---Before we can discuss how translation occurs, we must be familiar with the genetic code. + contains the genetic code +a mrna codons contain, which code for one amino acid +64 mrna codons exist * refers to the start codon, which signals the start of translation *,, or refer to stop codons, which signals translation to 16

17 DNA template TAC GGC TCG CAC ATT mrna codon amino acid ---When and where does translation occur within a cell? +translation occurs at inside the, at the +ribosomes, composed of rrna, are needed +mrna and trna are also needed ---What are the key events of translation? 17

18 +trna, transfer RNA +mrna, messenger RNA the amino acids should be placed in +ribosomes forms between the ---What is the end result of translation? + are produced +some of the proteins made include: enzymes, structural proteins, antibodies, transport proteins, contracting proteins *Mutations ---What is a mutation? +a mutation is a in DNA +mutations may result in the production of 18

19 ---What environmental factors may cause mutations to occur? +mutations may be caused by: ---Are mutations beneficial to organisms? + : mutations may result in + : mutations may disrupt metabolism, GENETIC DISORDERS *Pedigree Analysis ---What is a pedigree? 19

20 +a diagram that shows the +helps determine whether a genetic disorder is +with the help of a genetic counselor, a pedigree can help parents determine if there is a chance of passing a to their children *Autosomal Recessive Disorders ---Briefly describe the following genetic disorders. + : lack of pigmentation in skin, hair, and eyes 20

21 +cystic fibrosis: thick mucus build-up in lungs +phenylketonuria: lack ability to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine +sickle cell disease: irregular shaped +tay - sachs disease: lack ability to digest lipids in the brain *Autosomal Dominant Disorders ---Briefly describe the following genetic disorders. +achondroplasia: a form of + disease: associated with mental deterioration +Huntington s disease: associated with mental deterioration +hypercholesterolemia: high cholesterol *Sex Linked Genetic Disorders Briefly describe the following genetic disorders. + : lack ability to distinguish between certain colors

22 +hemophilia: +Duchenne muscular dystrophy: deterioration of the muscles BIOTECHNOLOGY *TheCloning ---What is a clone? +a clone is +if two organisms are considered clones, they should be ---Can cloning occur among organisms in nature? + +bacteria, some algae, some fungus, some plants, and some animals can clone themselves ---When did humans start cloning organisms? s scientists demonstrate cloning is possible in

23 +1997 scientists demonstrate cloning is possible in a mammal, ---What are the potential benefits of cloning genetically modified organisms, GMO s? +for agriculture: development of plants and animals with desired traits Ex: tomatoes that resist Ex: pigs with Ex: bacteria make cellulase to digest cellulose for animal feed +for the pharmaceutical industry: production of medications for human use Ex: mammals produce factor viii to Ex: bacteria produce insulin to treat Ex: bacteria produce human growth hormone to treat +for the environment Ex: bacteria that remove toxic metals such as Ex: bacteria that can break down chemicals released during an Ex: bacteria that can remove harmful chemicals at waste water treatment plants *Stem Cells 23

24 ---What are stem cells? +stem cells are +stem cells can divide +stem cells can develop into ---How are embryonic stem cells different from adult stem cells? +embryonic stem cellscan develop into +adult stem cells can develop into a of cell types ---Why conduct stem cell research? +stem cell research may result 24

25 *DNA Fingerprinting ---What is a DNA fingerprint? +a DNA fingerprint refers to seen in a DNA sample taken from an individual ---How are DNA fingerprints useful? diagnosing genetic disorders +species identification 25

26 *Gene Therapy May Someday Help Treat AVariety Of Diseases ---What is gene therapy? +this procedure involves +genes that cause genetic disorders are ---Why conduct gene therapy? +it may be possible to 26

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