Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3. B2.1.1a, c Cells and cell structure. B2.1.1a, b Cells and cell structure B2.1.1e Cells and cell structure

Transcription

1 Summary of changes This resource outlines the main changes that have been made to the assessment and subject content from our previous GCSE Biology (4401) to the new specification (8461). Our new specifications have been developed in line with the regulatory requirements provided by the Department for Education (DfE) and Ofqual. 4.1 Cell biology Cell structure Eukaryotes and prokaryotes Animal and plant cells Cell specialisation Cell differentiation Microscopy B2.1.1a, c Cells and cell structure B2.1.1a, b Cells and cell structure B2.1.1e Cells and cell structure B2.1.1e Cells and cell structure B2.2.1a Animal organs B2.7.1j Cell division the terms eukaryotic and prokaryotic knowledge of plasmids in prokaryotic cells. comparison of light and electron microscopes.

2 Culturing microorganisms (biology only) B 1.1.2m, n How our bodies defend themselves against infectious disease bacteria cell division (binary fission). N/A B1.1.2o How our bodies defend themselves against infectious disease B2.1.1d Cells and cell structure This content is no longer present in the new specification Cell division Chromosomes B2.7.1a, b Cell division B2.7.2c, f Genetic variation Mitosis and the cell cycle B2.7.1c, d, j Cell division Stem cells B2.7.1g, l, m Cell division phases of cell cycle, including the terms interphase and cytokinesis. the use of stem cells from plants therapeutic cloning and the risks of using stem cells.

3 4.1.3 Transport in cells Diffusion B2.1.2a, b, c Dissolved substances B3.1.1h, i, j, k, l Dissolved substances B3.1.3b Exchange systems in plants Osmosis B3.1.1a, b, c Dissolved substances Active transport B3.1.1g Dissolved substances B3.1.3a, b Exchange systems in plants understanding and calculating surface area: volume ratios factors affecting rate of diffusion. reference to active transport of sugar in the gut. 4.2 Organisation Principles of organisation Organisational hierarchy B2.2.1a, b, c, d Animal organs Animal tissues, organs and organ systems

4 The human digestive system The heart and blood vessels B2.2.1d Animal organs B2.5.1b Proteins B2.5.2a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h Enzymes B3.1.2b Gaseous exchange B3.2.1a, b, c, d, e, f, g The blood system B3.2.2b, c The blood Blood B3.2.2a, b, c, d, e The blood active sites including the Lock and key model. knowledge of natural and artificial pacemakers. recognition of different types of blood cell. Knowledge of oxyhaemoglobin not required Coronary heart disease: a noncommunicable disease B1.3.1c Drugs B3.2.1f The blood system extra detail on coronary heart disease effect of faulty heart valves and their replacement heart and lung transplants Health issues detail on how physical and mental factors interact and contribute to health The effect of lifestyle on some noncommunicable diseases B1.1.1a Diet and exercise complex link of risk factors to disease. Risk factors include the effect of diet, smoking, exercise, alcohol, carcinogens and radiation Cancer tumours as result of uncontrolled cell division.

5 N/A B1.1.1b, c, d, e Diet and exercise B2.5.2i, j Enzymes B3.1.2a Gaseous exchange This content is no longer present in the new specification Plant tissues, organs and systems Plant tissues and organ B2.2.2a, b Plant organs the terms palisade and spongy mesophyll tissues Plant organ system B2.2.2a Plant organs B3.1.1g Dissolved substances knowledge of meristem tissue. basic structure of xylem and phloem tissues. B3.1.3a, b, c, d, e Exchange systems in plants N/A B3.2.3a Transport systems in plants B3.1.1d, e Dissolved substances This content is no longer present in new specification. 4.3 Infection and response Communicable diseases

6 Communicable (infectious) diseases Viral diseases Bacterial diseases Fungal diseases Protist diseases Human defence systems Vaccination Antibiotics and painkillers Discovery and development of drugs B1.1.2a, b, f How our bodies defend themselves against infectious disease B1.1.2c, d, e How our bodies defend themselves against infectious disease B1.1.2e, l How our bodies defend themselves against infectious disease B1.1.2g, h, i How our bodies defend themselves against infectious disease B1.3.1a, b Drugs Extra depth on what infectious organisms are and how they are spread. References to Semmelweis not included. detail on measles, HIV and TMV. detail on salmonella and gonorrhoea. detail on rose black spot. detail on malaria. detail on the nonspecific defence systems against pathogens: skin, nose, trachea, bronchi and stomach the term phagocytosis. Content on MMR vaccine removed. content on traditional development of drugs. N/A B1.3.1d, e, f, g, h, I Drugs This content is no longer present in the new specification.

7 4.3.2 Monoclonal antibodies (biology only) Producing monoclonal antibodies Uses of monoclonal antibodies detail on what monoclonal antibodies are and how they are produced using mouse lymphocytes and hybridoma cells. Higher detail on applications of monoclonal antibodies for diagnosis, identification of molecules and treatment of diseases. Higher Plant disease (biology only) Detection and identification of plant diseases Plant defence responses detail on ion deficiencies, what can infect plants, symptoms of disease and methods of identifying disease. Most content is Higher detail includes defence mechanisms relating to physical adaptations, antibacterial chemicals, and poisons.

8 4.4 Bioenergetics Photosynthesis Photosynthetic reaction Rate of photosynthesis Uses of glucose from photosynthesis B2.3.1a, b Photosynthesis B2.3.1c, d Photosynthesis B2.3.1e, f, g Photosynthesis knowledge of symbol equation the term endothermic. shortage of chlorophyll as a limiting factor of photosynthesis. Most content is Higher Respiration Aerobic and anaerobic respiration B2.6.1b, c, d, e Aerobic respiration B2.6.2a, b, c Anaerobic respiration the term exothermic symbol equation for aerobic respiration anaerobic equations in animals, plants and some microorganisms economic importance of yeast.

9 Response to exercise Metabolism B2.6.1g, h Aerobic respiration B2.6.2a, c, d Anaerobic respiration B2.6.1a, f Aerobic respiration lactic acid converted back to glucose in liver amino acids deaminated to ammonia in liver. 4.5 Homeostasis and response Homeostasis Importance of Homeostasis B1.2.2b Control in the human body B3.3 Homeostasis This section is a summary of what homeostasis is and details of types of control system The human nervous system

10 Structure and function B1.2.1a, b, d, e The nervous system Detail of what the stimuli specific receptors respond to is not included (apart from light receptors, given in ) The brain (biology only) The eye (biology only) Control of body temperature (biology only) N/A B1.2.1b The nervous system B1.2.1c The nervous system B3.3.2b, c, d, e Temperature control functions of different regions of the brain the difficulties of investigating and treating the brain. understanding the structure and functions of the eye treating myopia and hyperopia. the terms vasodilation and vasoconstriction. This content is no longer present in new specification Hormonal coordination in humans Human endocrine system B1.2.2b Control in the human body extra content on the role of the pituitary gland knowledge of the

11 positions of several glands in the body Control of blood glucose concentration B2.6.1i Aerobic respiration B3.3.3a, b, c, d Sugar control detail on type 2 diabetes Maintaining water and nitrogen balance in the body B3.1.1f Dissolved substances B3.3.1a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i Removal of waste and water control B3.3.2a, b Temperature control detail on the conversion of amino acids to ammonia, then to urea understanding the control of water levels by ADH. This includes the use of the term negative feedback. Knowledge of the urinary system and kidney structure is limited Hormones in human reproduction B1.2.2c, d Control in the human body B2.7.1f Cell division role of hormones in puberty function of testosterone knowledge of the role of progesterone Contraception B1.2.2e Control in the human body knowledge of additional methods of contraception: injections, barrier methods, intrauterine devices, spermicides, abstaining from intercourse, and surgical methods.

12 The use of hormones to treat infertility B1.2.2e Control in the human body impact of undergoing fertility treatment. Higher Negative feedback N/A B1.2.2a Control in the human body the roles of adrenaline and thyroxine and control by negative feedback the use of other new terms adrenal gland and basal metabolic rate. Higher This content is no longer present in new specification Plant hormones (biology only) Control and coordination Use of plant hormones B1.2.3a, b, c Control in plants B1.2.3d Control in plants roles of gibberellins and ethene. links to use of auxins, ethene and gibberellins. Higher 4.6 Inheritance, variation and evolution Reproduction

13 Sexual and asexual reproduction B1.7.2a Reproduction B2.7.1f, g, n Cell division B2.7.2a Genetic variation knowledge of animal and plant gametes Meiosis B2.7.1e, g, h, i, k Cell division gametes are genetically different from each other Advantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproduction (biology only) B1.7.2b Reproduction knowledge of impact on variation, selective breeding, producing identical offspring, using both methods DNA and the genome B1.7.1b Why organisms are different B2.7.2f, g, h Genetic variation the importance of understanding the human genome. N/A B2.7.2i Genetic variation This content is no longer present in the new specification DNA structure (biology only) B2.5.1a Proteins knowledge of the four bases, their links to each other, and how the sequence codes for amino acids and proteins knowledge of the structure of a nucleotide unit protein synthesis including the terms mrna and trna the effect of new alleles and mutations on proteins detail on DNA influence on expression of genes. Most content is Higher

14 Genetic inheritance B1.7.1b, c Why organisms are different B2.7 Cell division and inheritance (introduction) B2.7.1i Cell division B2.7.2c, d, e Genetic variation Inherited disorders B2.7.3a, b, c, d Genetic disorders Sex determination B1.7.1b Why organisms are different B2.7.2b Genetic variation N/A B2.7.2i Genetic variation B2.7.3d Genetic disorders This content is no longer present in the new specification Variation and evolution Variation B1.7.1a, d Why organisms are different Evolution Selective breeding B1.8.1f Evolution B1.8.1a, e Evolution B2.8.1f Old and new species content on how mutations are changes in the DNA code and how this can affect phenotype. content on selective breeding on: what it is why it is used how it is done. links to both animals

15 Genetic engineering Cloning (biology only) B1.7.2d, e, f Reproduction B1.7.2c Reproduction and plants knowledge of benefits and risks of selective breeding the terms artificial selection and inbreeding. understanding why genetic engineering is useful, its potential risks and benefits, and the process of gene transfer in genetic engineering the terms vector and plasmid The development of understanding of genetics and evolution Theory of evolution (biology only) B1.8.1b, c, e Evolution Speciation (biology only) Note: some content is also included in Combined Science The understanding of genetics (biology only) 2.8.1f Old and new species B2.7 Cell division and inheritance (introduction) knowledge of the pioneering work by Alfred Russel Wallace. extra depth of knowledge leading to the development of gene theory.

16 Evidence for evolution B1.8.1a, b Evolution B2.8.1a Old and new species Fossils B2.8.1a, b, c, d Old and new species Extinction Resistant bacteria B1.1.2h, i, j, k How our bodies defend themselves against infectious disease B2.8.1e Old and new species Classification of living organisms Classification B1.8.1d Evolution New expanded content includes: understanding of Linnaean system knowledge of the development of new models including the three-domain system. New terms: kingdom phylum class order family genus species binomial system

17 Archaea. 4.7 Ecology Adaptations, interdependence and competition Communities B1.4 Interdependence and adaptation (introduction) Extra detail on interdependence within a community. B1.4.1a, b, c, d Adaptations B1.4.2a, b Environmental change Abiotic factors B1.4.2d Environmental change B2.4.1a Distribution of organisms New additional abiotic factors: wind intensity and direction, and soil ph Biotic factors B1.4 Interdependence and adaptation influence of predators. B1.4.1b, c Adaptations Adaptations B1.4.1d, e, f, g Adaptations N/A B1.4.2c Environmental change This content is no longer present in the new specification Organisation of an ecosystem

18 Levels of organisation 1.5.1a Energy in biomass B2.4.1b Distribution of organisms understanding of the relationships between producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers and tertiary consumers. This includes predator prey cycles How materials are cycled B1.6.1a, b, c, d Decay processes B1.6.2a The carbon cycle knowledge of the water cycle. The importance of these cycles to living organisms needs to be understood Decomposition (biology only) B1.6.1b Decay processes B3.4.3c Biofuels extra knowledge on the factors affecting the rate of decay role of decay in producing compost Impact of environmental change (biology only) B1.4.2a, b Environmental change Content links to evaluating the impact of environmental changes when given appropriate information. Higher Biodiversity and the effect of human interaction on ecosystems Biodiversity Waste management Land use B3.4.1a, b Waste from human activity B3.4.1c Waste from human activity understand what biodiversity is and why a rich biodiversity is important. link to effect on biodiversity.

19 Deforestation Global warming B3.4.2d Deforestation and the destruction of areas of peat B3.4.2a, b, c Deforestation and the destruction of areas of peat B3.4.3a Biofuels Maintaining biodiversity N/A B3.4.3b Biofuels knowledge on methods to reduce negative effects caused by humans on ecosystems and biodiversity. Content links to evaluating the various conflicting pressures on maintaining biodiversity when given appropriate information. This content is no longer present in the new specification Trophic levels in an ecosystem (biology only) Trophic levels knowledge of tropic levels within a food chain Pyramids of biomass B1.5.1b Energy in biomass construction of pyramids of biomass from given data Transfer of biomass B1.5.1c Energy in biomass B3.4.4a Food production calculating the efficiency of biomass transfer and how the loss of biomass affects the number of

20 organisms at each level Food production (biology only) Factors affecting food security Farming techniques Sustainable fisheries Role of biotechnology B3.4 Humans and their environment (introduction) B3.4 Humans and their environment (introduction) B3.4.4b Food production B3.4.4c Food production B3.4.4d Food production specific examples given. specific examples given. link to GM bacterium used to produce human insulin.