STAAR Year Review. Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids C,H,O C,H,O,N C,H,O,N,P. Long term energy storage/ hormones

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1 Bimlecules- essential mlecules fr life. Als seen in lessns thrughut the year Structure Carbhydrates Lipids Prteins Nucleic Acids Functin C, H, O (1:2:1) Structure Shrt term energy C,H,O C,H,O,N C,H,O,N,P Lng term energy strage/ hrmnes Enzymes/ Build the bdy DNA r RNA Cells: Prkarytic- a cell withut a nucleus. DNA flats freely in the cytplasm. Pr n nucleus Eukarytic- a cell with a true nucleus t huse DNA Eu d have a nucleus Has membrane bund rganelles Organelle Picture Functin Nucleus DNA strage/ blue print fr prteins Mitchndria Cellular respiratin- prductin f ATP C 6H 12O 6 + 6O 26CO 2 + 6H 2O =36 Adensine Triphsphate (ATP) Chlrplast Phtsynthesis (in plants nly) the prductin f glucse 6CO 2 + 6H 2O C 6H 12O 6 + 6O 2 Ribsme Prductin f prteins

2 Eukarytes- Unicellular r multicellular Membrane bund rganelles A Nucleus t stre DNA Kingdms: Plantae, Fungi, Anamalia, Prtista Prkarytes- Unicellular (ne cell) N membrane bund rganelles N nucleus Kingdms: Eubacteria (everyday bacteria) and Archaebacteria (extreme envirnments) Cells vs. Viruses Cells Viruses -All living things are made f cells. -Able t metablize (make ATP) -able t reprduce n its wn DNA RNA -Nn-living - must take ver a cell in rder t reprduce -lytic cycle (shrt: Flu r cld) -lysgenic (lifetime: HIV) DNA- Strage f genetic infrmatin, the blueprint fr life. Hw traits are passed frm ne generatin t the next. Mnmer f DNA: Nucletide Cmpnents f a nucletide: Phsphate Sugar Nitrgenus base: Adenine, Thymine, Cytsine, Guanine -A bnd with T by 2 weak hydrgen bnds -G bnds with C by 3 weak hydrgen bnds

3 Prtein Synthesis: Takes DNA s genetic cde and creates prteins that actually make up the bdy! Steps f prteins synthesis: 1. Transcriptin: DNA mrna (messenger) DNA is transcribed int mrna in the nucleus. mrna messages are read in cdns. It is this message that will be sent t the ribsme. Example: DNA TAC GGG TCT GCA GAC ACT mrna AUG CCC AGA CGU CUG UGA 2. Translatin: mrna prtein (als knwn as a plypeptide) mrna will travel ut f the nucleus thrugh the cell s cytplasm t the ribsme. The ribsme reads the mrna message and has trna bring it the amin acids that the message calls fr. The trna cde is nt referred t as a cdn, it is called an anti-cdn. The amin acids brught by trna are linked tgether by the ribsme t create a prtein! Example: mrna AUG CCC AGA CGU CUG UGA Use this cde fr yur chart!*** trna UAC GGG UCU GCA GAC ACU Amin Acids Met-Pr-Arg-Arg-Leu- Stp ***D yu knw hw t use BOTH charts?***

4 The Cell Cycle- nly ccurs in smatic cells (bdy cells) nt gametes (sex cells). In rder t create TWO IDENTICAL DAUGHTER CELLS. ipmatc The entire cell cycle PMAT- Mitsis i interphase: interphase is the lngest phase in the cell cycle. The cell spends mst f its life in this stage. There are three phases within this stage. G1- G= grwth f the cell. Mre rganelles are prduced and many prteins are created. S- synthesis f DNA, aka replicatin f DNA, aka the making f DNA. G2- G=grwth f the cell and preparatin P- Prphase: DNA created in the S phase is cndensed int chrmsmes. M-Metaphase: The chrmsmes created in prphase line up in the middle f the nucleus. A- Anaphase: The chrmsmes pull apart t the ples f the nucleus. T- Telphase: The chrmsmes reach the ples and the nucleus frms a cleavage furrw (dividing wall dwn the middle f the nucleus) c-cytkinesis: The divisin f the cytplasm and the entire cell. Nw there are 2 identical daughter cells Interphase Prphase Metaphase Anaphase Telphase

5 S phase f DNA- is the synthesis r REPLICATION f DNA Steps f DNA Replicatin:

6 Meisis- the creatin f gametes (sperm and egg) which are haplid cells (half the number f chrmsmes),in rder fr rganisms t reprduce. The number f chrmsmes is halved. Each daughter cell is different! Steps: Meisis 1- P1, M1, A1, T1 is much like mitsis. Hwever, meisis has crssing ver during prphase 1 f meisis 1. Crssing ver- hmlgus chrmsmes (same chrmsme frm mm and dad) switch genetic material in rder that the ffspring has varying traits frm the mther and father. Meisis 2- P2, M2, A2, T2 is much like mitsis again hwever the number f chrmsmes are halved in meisis 2 t create haplid cells. Mendelian Genetics- Genetics- the study f inheritance. Trait- a characteristic such as EX: eye clr, hair clr, bld type Allele- the different genes fr a trait. EX: Blue eyes r brwn eyes. Blnde hair r brwn hair. A r B bld type Frequencey- hw ften smething ccurs. Gentype- What the genes say Phentype- What the physical appearance is. Dminant- a trait that will ALWAYS shw up if present Recessive- a trait that will nly shw up if there is nt a dminant trait present. Mnhybrid- a crss cncerning nly ONE trait Dihybrid- a crss cncerning TWO traits Heterzygus- a gentype in which there is a dminant and recessive trait EX: Bb Hmzygus Dminant- a gentype in which yu receive a dminant trait frm bth parents. Ex: BB Hmzygus Recessive- a gentype in which yu receive a recessive trait frm bth parents. Ex: bb

7 Mnhybrid Prblem- Set up the punnett square fr each f the crsses listed belw. The trait being studied is rund seeds (dminant) and wrinkled seeds (recessive) Rr x rr R r r r Gentype rati- RR:Rr:rr Phentype rati- Rund:Wrinkled ( Dminant appearance: Recessive appearance) Dihybrid Prblem- Yu will use this methd when crssing any tw traits. A pea plant that is heterzygus fr rund, yellw seeds is self fertilized, what are the phentypic ratis f the resulting ffspring? Step 1: Determine the parental gentypes frm the text abve, the wrd "heteryzus" is the mst imprtant clue, and yu wuld als need t understand that self fertilized means yu just crss it with itself. R r Y y x R r Y y Step 2: Determine the gametes. This might feel a little like the FOIL methd yu learned in math class. Cmbine the R's and Ys f each parent t represent sperm and egg. D this fr bth parents

8 Gametes: RY, Ry, ry, ry (parent 1) and RY, Ry, ry, ry (parent 2) Step 3: Set up a large 4x4 Punnet square, place ne gamete set frm the parent n the tp, and the ther n the side Step 4: Write the gentypes f the ffspring in each bx and determine hw many f each phentype yu have. In this case, yu will have 9 rund, yellw; 3 rund, green; 3 wrinkled, yellw; and 1 wrinkled green.