Functional Fiber Microsystems

Transcription

1 Materials Integration: from Nanoscale to Waferscale Functional Fiber Microsystems This material is based upon work supported by the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering under Air Force Contract No. FA C-0002 and/or FA D Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering. Distribution Statement A: Approved for public release: distribution unlimited Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Delivered to the U.S. Government with Unlimited Rights, as defined in DFARS Part or 7014 (Feb 2014). Notwithstanding any copyright notice, U.S. Government rights in this work are defined by DFARS or DFARS as detailed above. Use of this work other than as specifically authorized by the U.S. Government may violate any copyrights that exist in this work. Dr. Alexander Stolyarov MIT Lincoln Laboratory 6 March 2018

2 Fibers That Are Devices Traditional Fiber Functional Fiber Microsystem Sorin et al., Nano Letters 9, 7 (2009) Limited to single material No architecture Single functionality Multimaterial Metals, semiconductors, insulators Device architecture Multifunctional Advancements in materials processing approaches are enabling semiconductor device functionality to be produced at the textile fiber scale Functional Fiber Microsystems - 2

3 Preform to Fiber Drawing Preform Options Fiber Applications Metal microwire Light emission Preform size: cm length 1 5 cm diameter LED Photodiode Phase change material Color change material Thermal sensors Semiconductor film Light detection Temperature sensing Spectrally controlled reflection Output: km-length flexible textile thread with embedded microelectronics Color changing with applied voltage V off V on Functional Fiber Microsystems - 3

4 From Fiber Devices to Fabric Systems Fibers/Textiles Electronics/Materials/Devices Functional Fibers and Fabrics Commercial Applications Goal: Transform U.S. textile industry Unrestricted technology Technology/market-driven AFFOA HQ in Cambridge Defense Applications Goal: Solve critical defense problems ITAR/Classified System-driven top-down process Defense Fabric Discovery Center at Lincoln Laboratory AFFOA s mission is to enable a manufacturing-based revolution the transformation of traditional fibers, yarns, and textiles into highly sophisticated, integrated, and networked devices and systems Functional Fiber Microsystems - 4 AFFOA - Advanced Functional Fabrics of America

5 System-Driven Top-Down Process 1 Understand Key Capability Gaps 2 Develop System Concepts Leveraging Advanced Fibers 3 Innovate on Enabling Fiber Technology Army: Combat vehicle protection Aviation protection and mobility Soldier survivability/protection Soldier load reduction Navy: Protect undersea assets Undersea optical communications Other: Chem/Bio/Rad defense Search & rescue Border Security Fabric-based signaling No Viable? 4 Photonic fibers Perform System Analysis Yes 5 Develop Technology Prototype System Concept Functional Fiber Microsystems - 5

6 Search & Rescue Operation 1. Fabric with engineered reflectivity Passive High reflectivity ~100% Wavelength selective Functional Fiber Microsystems - 6

7 Search & Rescue Operation 2. Electrically controlled reflectivity Active Fabric signals back Functional Fiber Microsystems - 7

8 Search & Rescue Operation 3. Light emission Active Spatially distributed signaling Functional Fiber Microsystems - 8

9 200 µm Fiber and Fabric Technology Approaches 1 Spectrally controlled reflectivity 2 Reflectivity modulation 3 Embedded microelectronics Electro-optic liquid crystal (LC) switching enables reflection to be modulated 400 µm Lattice of LC microchannels V Photonic micro-structure enables engineering of the fiber reflectivity Applied V changes orientation of LC molecules leading to refractive index modulation Light emitting diodes embedded inside a textile fiber Multimaterial fiber capabilities for fiber and fabric signaling Functional Fiber Microsystems - 9

10 Spectrally Controlled Fabrics Photonic Fabric Simulation Regular fabrics 5 µm 30 cm Wavelength (µm) 100 µm Hot Cold Demonstrated photonic fabrics with spectrally controlled reflectivity Spectral features can be engineered from ultraviolet to long-wave infrared Functional Fiber Microsystems - 10

11 Reflection Modulation Hollow microchannel filled with liquid crystal Cross-section view I 1 = I 0 2 sin2 (2q)sin 2 (G / 2) G = 2p l (n e - n 0 )d Electrodes Polycarbonate cladding 10 µm Functional Fiber Microsystems - 11

12 Reflection Modulation Functional Fiber Microsystems - 12

13 Towards Wavelength-Selective Reflection Preform Construction and Draw Fiber Cross-Section Surface-patterned slabs are stacked and consolidated 10 mm Electrodes introduced and preform drawn Cross-section view of 90-microchannel fiber LC infiltrated into microchannels post-draw V 100 μm Functional Fiber Microsystems - 13

14 Fibers with Embedded Microelectronics Light Emitting Diodes (a) Preform assembled with constituent semiconductor devices (b) Preform is drawn into fiber while electrodes unspooled into the preform (c) Electrical connections made in situ during the draw process 250 µm 200 µm 200 µm Functional Fiber Microsystems - 14 Rein et al., (in review)

15 Fibers with Embedded Microelectronics Light Emitting Diodes (a) (c) (a) Fibers with embedded devices and power applied to in-fiber electrical buses (b) Photos of blue, green, red diode fibers with individual diodes spaced by ~20 cm (b) (c) Diode fibers woven into a fabric 50 mm 10 mm 40 mm 25 mm Functional Fiber Microsystems mm Rein et al., (in review)

16 Defense Fabric Discovery Center End-to-End Prototyping Facility Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Textiles Multiphysics fiber design and modeling Fiber and fabric system simulations Integrated fabric design automation Textile Systems and Assemblies Programmable knitting and weaving Composites fabrication Textile testing and evaluation Fiber and Yarn Devices Multimaterial preform fabrication Fiber device drawing Fiber to yarn integration System Integration Fiber-circuit interconnections and packaging Fabric to cloud connectivity Product demonstrations Functional Fiber Microsystems - 16 Collaborative facility, leveraging multi-institutional competencies, made possible by MA Investment.

17 Defense Fabric Discovery Center Mission: Develop advanced fiber technology and perform system capability demonstrations for critical defense problems Concept Innovation Advanced Fiber Technology Development System Prototype Demonstration Army capability gaps Broader national security issues across multiple domains (e.g., space, underwater, air combat, etc.) Textiles/wearables Composite structures Advanced fiber systems Systems level prototyping Test and evaluation Functional Fiber Microsystems - 17 Center will innovate solutions to a broad set of national security problems through combined systems analysis, fiber technology development, and system prototyping

18 Current Research Thrusts at the DFDC Free-space optical communications Underwater optical communications Spectrally tunable fibers Spectrally engineered fabrics 100 μm Chemical vapor sensing Physiological status monitoring Radio-frequency systems Emerging fiber technologies Functional Fiber Microsystems - 18

19 Acknowledgments Prof. Yoel Fink and the Fiber Group at MIT Dr. Tural Khudiyev, Dr. Chong Hou AFFOA staff and member organizations Dr. Michael Rein, Dr. Jason Cox, Mr. Marty Ellis NSRDEC Collaborators Ms. Mary McDonald, Mr. Ken Rice LL Collaborators Dr. Lauren Cantley, Dr. Brad Perkins, Dr. Jeff Chou, Dr. Lalitha Parameswaran, Mr. Joe Chludzinski, Mr. Dave D Amelio Commonwealth of MA Functional Fiber Microsystems - 19 NSRDEC Natick Soldier Research Development & Engineering Center