Theme Germplasm. Germplasm. Traits. Genes. Output-related achievements in 2011

Transcription

1 Germplasm Conservation, Evaluation and Gene Discovery Andreas Ebert October 31-November 3, Headquarters Goal: Biodiversity of vegetable genetic resources is preserved and its utilization for food and nutritional security is enhanced Germplasm Traits Genes - Acquisition/Conserv. - Regen. /Characteriz. - Documentation - Distribution - Safety duplication - Screening - Introgression -QTL Mapping - Characterization -Isolation - Engineering -IPR - Capacity Building Global Meeting at HQ, October Theme Outputs and Output Coordinators 1. Germplasm collection, conservation and distribution - Andreas Ebert 2. Germplasm characterization and analysis - Roland Schafleitner 3. Trait-based characterization & screening of germplasm - Srinivasan Ramasamy 4. Trait Introgression and QTL mapping - Roland Schafleitner 5. Gene characterization and functional analysis - Roland Schafleitner 6. IPR strategy on germplasm, transgenics and genes - Andreas Ebert 7. Building capacity on germplasm and gene research - Greg Luther Output-related achievements in Output 1 Vegetable genetic resources collected, conserved and distributed Achievements Securing MTA for germplasm acquired by RCA Donor countries No. of collected accessions & no. of crops No. of distributed & deposited accessions Responsible Ministry or Institution Tanzania 280 (14) 129 Min. of Agric., Food Security & Cooperatives Rwanda 75 (8) 37 Min. of Agric & Animal Resources Malawi 129 (9) 84 Dept. of Agric. Research Services Uganda 132 (7) 100 National Agricultural Research Organization Mali 14 (5) 14 Ministère de l Agriculture Direction Administrative et Financièr,..\hyperlink\response from Mali-French.PDF Cameroon 75 (7) 16 Institute of Agricultural R&D Kenya 47 (5) 47 Kenya Agricultural Res. Institute Sudan 7 (3) 3 Agricultural Research Corporation Institutions that responded positively

2 Securing MTA for germplasm acquired from by AVRDC - Mali Worldwide seed distribution in HQ Country/ Institution Number of accessions per crop Total of accessions Status of MTA Mali Okra (49), African eggplant (1) 50 Obtained 03/2011 Mali A. eggplant (2), Pepper(3), Roselle (11) and Okra (1) 17 Obtained 04/2011 Aubergine (6), Cabbage(5), carrot(1), Hot pepper (31), Mali via leek (1), Lettuce(1), Melon(1), Okra (10), Onion (4), WASA project Sweet pepper(2), Tomato (14), Watermelon(6) 80 Obtained 04/2011 Senegal Amaranth (1), Onion (1), A. eggplant (39), Roselle(109), Okra (43) and Nightshade (5) 219 Obtained 04/2011 Guinea Amaranth (33), A. eggplant (36), Roselle (34), Okra Conakry (31) and Pumpkin (1) 135 Obtained 04/2011 Amaranth (8), Onion(23), pepper (6), A. eggplant Burkina Faso (13), Roselle(14), Tomato (4), Okra (32), Melon (1), Vegetable cowpea (2) and Spiderplant (2) 109 in process Niger Amaranth (3), onion (37), A. eggplant (1), Roselle( 5) 52 and Okra (6) in process Chad Onion (1) 1 in process 7 13 crops 663 Worldwide seed distribution by recipient category in HQ Output 2 Germplasm characterized to enhance understanding and utilization of biodiversity in the vegetable germplasm collections Achievements 10 AVRDC genebank selections for further use in breeding TOT2377 TOT1504 TOT1505 TOT1513 TOT1567 TOT1568 TOT 1843 TOT 7098 TOT 7308 TOT6511 TOT5869 TOT6093 TOT6173 TOT0950 TOT1095 TOT4786 TOT5468 Completely powdery mildew resistant bitter gourd line from GRSU TOT1140 TOT TOT5468 TOT4131 TOT4785 TOT 1513 TOT

3 S. pimpinellifolium core collection 75 core accessions identified representing 23% of AVRDC s entire collection. A well balanced core with a good representation of the different populations (31 from Pop I, 22 from Pop II, and 22 from the Admixture group) and geographic origins (40 from Peru, 17 from Ecuador, 14 from Mexico and 4 from other countries). Nei's diversity index Output 3 Trait-based characterization and screening to enhance vegetable germplasm for effective use of important horticultural traits in the development of new vegetable cultivars tom11 tom tom152 ssrb ssrb SSR Marker C-Nei E-Nei 14 Achievements Screening cucurbits for PRSV-W* resistance Accession 5-May Damage score 13- May 19- May 2-Jun 5-Jul Mean Resistant category 104 cucurbit lines from GRSU have been screened (up to 24 plants per line) Absence of virus infection was confirmed by DAS-ELISA Resistant Susceptible CCA MS Screening CCA hot pepper 2.20 for MS CCA10904 thrips (Thrips 0.13 palmi) R CCA10910resistance MS CCA10914 C MR C03938A S C MS 15 *PRSV-W = Papaya ringspot virus watermelon strain C R PBC C03938A R C MR Bitter gourd: LC-MS profiles of 2011 fruits GLOBAL without STRATEGIC seeds PLANNING Palee (East-West Seeds) BGCT 725 (Chia-Tai Seeds) US 33 (US Agri Seeds) New Moon (Known-you Seeds, Taiwan) Output 4 Specialized genetic materials, molecular tools, and methods developed to enable the development of new varieties more rapidly NS 451 (241) (Namdhari Seeds) Five examples out of 23 cultivars 18 Achievements

4 Mapping high rutin content in tomato Rutin contents of F 6 recombinants in the targeted region of chromosome 5 Recombinant Group Marker mapped to introgression Rutin SSR13 SSR115 C2_at1380 (mg/ 100g FW) 1 (n=5) S S S (n=3) R R R 3.14 ns 3 (n=5) S R R 4.88* 4 (n=5) R S S 0.65* 5 (n=3) S S R 7.87* 6 (n=1) R S R 8.16* LA R R R 3.68 R,S = presence of wild and cultivated tomato alleles, respectively; Means of groups 2-6 compared to group 1 by contrast statements. * Indicates a significant difference ; 1 S. habrochaites IL 20 New germplasm storage facility Output 1 Vegetable genetic resources collected, conserved and distributed Soybean and eggplant performance in Bahrain (TTM) Success Stories (AVRDC-Tanzania) Global Service Corps-Tanzania (GSC): Provided Healthy Diet Gardening Seed Kit to each of the farmer leaders in 48 villages where they work. GSC country coordinator Mr. Erwin Kinsley said, We may be weak in statistical impact, but we definitely have been impacted by AVRDC, and are thankful for your work and open doors. The leaves of the plants were eaten by birds resulting in very poor harvest The eggplant leaves were damaged by aphids and in May the air temperature was over 35 o C and no more fruit was formed. All plants were infected with root knot nematodes and had to be removed from the field.

5 Distribution of Nutritional Seed Kits by AVRDC-Tanzania Year of distribution Non-government organizations HKI -Tanzania OIKOS East Africa FINTRAC-TAPP Technoserve Global Services Corps FLORESTA FIFS Africa BRAC Building Resources Across Com. Deutsche Welthungerlife (AgroactionAllemande) Farm Concern International Save the Rain RISE UP RAFIKI Foundation ACE Africa Tanzania IMARISHA AWARD African Women in Agric. R&D COSTECH SEASUN ELCT HEDO TFDC Kisese Magara KIFARU GENESYS we can work together to fly further Output 2 Germplasm characterized to enhance understanding and utilization of biodiversity in the vegetable germplasm collections Feedback from mungbean breeder, Australia (05/2011) I was just testing the database to see how many lines now have some seed quality data that didn t have last week and the characterization data has jumped from 904 to over 9000! Last year, I originally scanned the available 904 to come up with the subset of 250 that we got into quarantine earlier this year. Now what to do? I really need to rethink my strategy as this opens up so much more possibility for me like a kid in a lolly shop. I am not sure where to start. Leave it with me as we trawl all this new and exciting information and digest the new outcomes... A very exciting new development from both parties point of view! Core collections of mungbean and vegetable soybean to be developed Priority to develop core collection for mungbean (Dr. Nair to take lead) Using 1984 spring, 1984 fall, and 1985 fall phenotypic data, plus recently collected characterization data, and passport information Correlation with core collection of Indian Institute of Pulses Research? Phenotypic characterization of vegetable soybean lines needed

6 31 Output 3 Trait-based characterization and screening to enhance vegetable germplasm for effective use of important horticultural traits in the development of new vegetable cultivars Virus threat to vegetable production A complex matrix of (Virus species) X (Vector species) X (Host Species) X (Countries) Seems an increasing rate of emergence of new virus strains/species in each location Globalisation increased trade/airfreight of produce and plants? Climate change extending areas where vector species thrive? Agricultural intensification and expansion vectors increase, more chance of virus evolution and recombination to greater virulence? Cannot cover all viruses, so need to prioritize - but need to keep up surveillance and reassessing priorities - also maintain capability of working on continuing problems e.g. potyviruses of peppers. Viruses available for resistance screening at AVRDC (2011) Mechanical (sap) inoculation Tomatoes Peppers Cucurbits Capsicum chlorosis virus (CaCV) 1 () () Chilli veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV) Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) Melon yellow spot virus (MYSV) () Papaya ring spot virus W (PRSV-W) Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMV) Pepper veinal mottle virus (PVMV) Potato virus Y (PVY) Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) 1 () () Watermelon silver mottle virus (WSMoV) 1 () () () Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) Whitefly inoculation Squash leaf curl Philippine virus (SqLCPHV) Tomato leaf curl Taiwan virus (ToLCTWV) Tomato yellow leaf curl Thailand virus (TYLCTHV) () 2 1 Tospoviruses require further optimization for screening large numbers 2 TYLCTHV only infects sweet peppers consistently Bui Thi Thu Huyen Plant Resources Centre, Vietnam Vavilov-Frankel Fellowship: Identification of the causal agent of mungbean yellow mosaic disease in Vietnam and resistance screening of the Vietnamese mungbean germplasm collection Mungbean Potyvirus to be identified Mungbean Begomovirus to be identified Begomoviruses Tomato Peppers Cucurbits Legumes Distribution everywhere (everywhere) everywhere (everywhere) Taiwan ToLCTWV (TYLCTHV) SLCPHV (none) TYLCTHV (ToLCNDV) Species >70 >15 >20 >28 Resistances Ty-1 Ty-5 2 (MEX) >4 (melon) >4 (beans) GIZ Begomos/ whiteflies (IND, THA, TWN, VNM) Dutch seed co. Resistance (THA) MECO-TECO Diversity /Resist (PHL, TWN) NSC Resistance (TWN) (mungbean) (pumpkin) (pumpkin) COA plan (IDN, PHL, TWN)??? bittergourd Yard-long bean Screening for nutritional traits Germplasm Nutritional traits Project Within species Bitter gourd (>70 ac) African nightshade (20) Among species Indigenous vegetables (>150 sp) Highly consumed vegetables (> 30 sp) Nutrients Phytochemicals LCMS fingerprints Anti-diabetic activity Alkaloids None Fatty acids (n-3, n-6) Anti-inflammatory property Nutrients Phytochemicals, LCMS fingerprints BMZ-BG project NHRI project NSC project NHRI project

7 Summer Jul Sep 2011 Winter Jan Mar 2012 Phytonutrient and vegetables, LCMS database mostly consumed of in Taiwan vegetables Whole sale market Spring Apr May 2011 Open field planting, RCBD, 2 4 rep 1m x 5 m or 1.5 m x 6 m, Bed, stick or trellis Phytonutrient analyses: Targeted: carotenoids, ascorbate, tocopherols, flavonoids, total phenols, minerals, antioxidant, anti inflammatory activities Autumn Oct Dec 2011 Spring Apr Jun 2012 Production guides and phytonutrient databases Untargeted: LC MS profiling of semipolar compounds 38 Output 4 Specialized genetic materials, molecular tools, and methods developed to enable the development of new varieties more rapidly Assemble and develop molecular marker sets for priority vegetable crops Assemble and develop molecular marker sets for priority vegetable crops New markers available for Tomato, Pepper, Mungbean, Cucurbita moschata, Momordica and Abelmoschus ssp. Sufficient marker resources available for tomato Mapping possible in pepper and Cucurbita moschata More markers required for pepper and mungbean Efficiency of MAS for selecting bacterial wilt QTL on chromosome 12 in Hawaii 7996 Output Targets Determine presence of Bwr12 on various resistance sources Develop gene-based marker(s) of Bwr12 (cloning by CP Cheng, NTU; R. Schafleitner) Fine-map Bwr6 region by developing near-isogenic lines (R. Schafleitner) Evaluate durability of QTLs Output 5 Genes affecting important horticultural traits isolated, validated, and functionally analyzed using genomics and molecular technologies Wide disease distribution Wide range of virus, vector, and host species Durable host resistance? Integrated Management of TYLCV 41 42

8 Virus suppression targeting multiple virus strains C4 C1 TH 1978 IR TYLCTHV 2751 bp C2 V2 PAR1c715 H C3 C5 V1 C4 C1 PAL1v1978 B IR ToLCTWV 2739 bp C3 C2 PAR1c715 H V2 V1 Output 6 IPR strategy on germplasm, transgenics and genes implemented 44 Access to germplasm in genebanks should not be blocked by patents! AVRDC would like to uphold an important clause in its MTA which says: The Recipient shall not claim any intellectual property or other rights that limit the access to and use of the Material provided under this Agreement, or its genetic parts or components, in the form received from AVRDC. If patents applied on traits identified in germplasm held by AVRDC do indeed limit the use and distribution of the original material, we might no longer be able to supply germplasm to clients of the public and private sector Some interpretations of the patent law go so far as to infer that traits identified in other lines and patented might block the use of AVRDC germplasm accessions if they happen to contain the same natural traits. Importation of germplasm into India Legume germplasm grown in a post entry quarantine greenhouse at RCSA All legume crops (and other vegetables) imported to India must be grown out for post-entry quarantine check; remaining seed to be handed over to NBPGR Only harvested seed from post-entry quarantine facility can be used (use of seeds delayed by 6-12 months after importation) Must deposit (2000-) 3000 seeds of each entry with NBPGR for LT Need to bring in very small quantities of seed only Develop seed multiplication and storage facility at RCSA? Output 7 Capacity in germplasm conservation, evaluation, characterization, and gene discovery developed 47 48

9 Dissemination of results Community-based conservation & multiplication of indigenous vegetables Role of CSBs Development Fund, Norway, 2011 Banking for the future: savings, security and seeds: a short study of community seed banks in Bangladesh, Costa Rica, Ethiopia, Honduras, India, Nepal, Thailand, Zambia, and Zimbabwe Authors: A.P. Kroglund, A. Wilhelmsen, B. Batta Publisher: Development Fund, Norway, 2011 Conclusions: Recommendation: - Most Consider CSBs have promotion been established and establishment to combat seed of insecurity CSBs in seedinsecure CSBs have countries been initiated and regions by NGOs in or the IGOs context (intergovernmental of new - often org.) projects (i.e. Solomon Islands, Oceania, Timor-Leste, etc.) - empowerment of farmers was an important outcome of CSBs projects - CSBs promoted bulk selling of product and trained members in local seed production and management - CSBs contributed to increased disposable income from the sale of surplus seed and produce for farmers groups Nair, R., Thavarajah, D., Thavarajah, P., Yang, R-Y., Easdown, W., Hughes, J. and Keatinge, D. Potential variation in the nutrient content of mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] to supply minerals vital to dietary health. Euphytica (under preparation). 53