Bioengineering: Where Biology Meets Bioengineering

Transcription

1 Bioengineering: Where Biology Meets Bioengineering

2 What is Bioengineering? The application of engineering principles to biology. Thermodynamics Fluid mechanics Heat & mass transfer Materials Reaction engineering Process design Signal processing Mechanics Computer science

3 Evolution of Bioengineering Biochemistry Biology Chemical Engineering Computer Science Electrical Engineering Materials Science Mechanical Engineering Physics Physiology

4 What type of projects does a Bioengineer work on? Biosensors Biomaterials & Devices Microfluidic Devices Imaging techniques Biomechanics Tissue Engineering Nanotechnology Molecular & Cellular Processes Computation & Simulation etc...

5 What will a BS Bioengineer do? Graduate School Medical School Professor Medical devices Hospital Biotech firms Consulting Startups etc

6 Major Research Areas of UW Bioengineering Distributed Diagnosis & Home Healthcare The miniaturization and integration of instrumentation for measurement, computing, signal processing, communication and healthcare informatics. Engineered Biomaterials Using biomedical devices with engineered surfaces to direct appropriate healing in the patient. Molecular Bioengineering & Nanotechnology Application of molecular sciences and nanotechology to biomedical applications.

7 Research Areas (continued) Medical Imaging & Image-Guided Therapy A systems-oriented approach in the areas of image-guided surgery, ultrasound, image processing and hardware/software design. Computational & Integrative Bioengineering Application of computational methods to solve biological and pathophysiological problems.

8 United States Market Size Total Healthcare Market: > $1 trillion Biomaterials & Implant Devices: ~ $40 billion Diagnostics & Instrumentation: ~ $40 billion

9 Biomedical Devices are: highly successful save millions of lifes improve quality of life for millions but Biomedical Devices also: have complications cost healthcare system billions cause great trauma for patients

10 Some Biomedical Implant Devices from B.D. Ratner

11 Biomaterials Play a Key Role in Biology and Medicine After ~50 years of Biomaterial R&D: IOLs (>2,500,000/yr) Hip and knee Prostheses (>200,000/yr) Vascular Grafts (>100,000/yr) Heart Valves (>80,000/yr) Percutaneous Devices (>25,000/yr) Stimulatory Electrodes (>25,000/yr) Catheters (millions/yr) DNA diagnostic chips (1000 s/yr) Cell Culture Surfaces (billions sold)

12 Problems with Biomaterials IOLs (50% reoperation rate) Hip Prostheses (still a yr lifetime) Vascular Grafts (no endothelialization) Heart Valves (calcification or thrombosis) Percutaneous Devices (no seal to the skin) Stimulatory Electrodes (electrode encapsulation) Catheters (50,000 deaths/yr)

13 B-17 from B.D. Ratner

14 Bo Jackson from B.D. Ratner

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16 What happens when biomaterials are implanted into the body?

17 Protein Adsorption time = 0 preferential adsorption of blue & green proteins displacement of green by red protein Protein concentration, conformation, and orientation can change with adsorption time. protein denaturation

18 Randomly Adsorbed Proteins Ordered Proteins Arrays

19 Complex Surfaces & Biology Healing

20 a.) c.) b.) d.)

21 Fabrication of Complex Biological Surfaces Immobilization of a biotinylated protein using a streptavidin linker and a biotin/ethylene glycol self-assembled monolayer

22 National ESCA & Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems The biomaterial surface region mediates biological reactions Determination of surface species composition, structure, orientation and spatial distribution State-of-the-art instrumentation, experimental protocols & data analysis

23 Characterization of Immobilized Biomolecules Types of biomolecules present Concentration of biomolecules Biomolecule conformation Biomolecule orientation Spatial distribution of biomolecules

24 Patterning DNA Microcontact Printing PDMS Stamp inked with alkane thiol Alkane Thiol 40 µm 10 µm PDMS Stamp Alkane thiol: HS(CH 2 ) 15 CH 3 Stamped onto gold Thiolated DNA oligo: HS(CH 2 ) 6 (CAGT) 4 backfilled into regions without alkane thiol Thiolated DNA Total Ion Image 40 µm Alkane Thiol 10 µm DNA Analyze with SIMS 100 µm