Chemical treatments cause cells and nuclei to burst The DNA is inherently sticky, and can be pulled out of the mixture This is called spooling DNA

Transcription

1 DNA Technology 1

2 2 DNA Extraction Chemical treatments cause cells and nuclei to burst The DNA is inherently sticky, and can be pulled out of the mixture This is called spooling DNA

3 Spooled DNA 3

4 4 Cutting DNA Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences Useful to divide DNA into manageable fragments

5 5 Electrophoresis DNA can be separated based on size and charge The phosphate groups are negatively charged DNA is placed in a gel and electricity is run through

6 6 Electrophoresis Negative DNA moves toward the positive end Smaller fragments move farther and faster

7 Electrophoresis 7

8 8 Steps in DNA Sequencing Many copies of a single strand of DNA are placed in a test tube DNA polymerase is added A mixture of nucleotides is added some of which have dye molecules attached Each base (A,T,C,G) has a different color dye

9 9 Steps in DNA Sequencing By chance, some dyed nucleotides & some regular ones are added Dye molecules are large and stop the chain from growing

10 10 DNA Sequencing The result is DNA fragments of multiple sizes with colors that can be identified

11 11 DNA Sequencing After the gel separates the resulting fragments by size, we 'read' the sequence from bottom to top.

12 12 Copying DNA Polymerase Chain Reaction Also called PCR A method of making many copies of a piece of DNA

13 13 Steps in Copying DNA A DNA molecule is placed in a small test tube DNA polymerase that can work at high temps is added

14 14 Steps in Copying DNA The DNA is heated to separate the two strands Primers, short pieces of DNA complementary to the ends of the molecule to be copied, are added

15 15 Copying DNA The tube is cooled, and DNA polymerase adds new bases to the separated strands

16 PCR Large amounts of DNA can be made from a small starting sample 16

17 17 Cloning Clone- a member of a group of genetically identical cells May be produced by asexual reproduction (mitosis)

18 18 Cloning organisms A body cell from one organism and an egg cell from another are fused The resulting cell divides like a normal embryo

19 Cloning Dolly 19

20 20 Human Genome Project

21 21 Human Genome Project Started in 1990 Research effort to sequence all of our DNA (46 chromosomes) Over 3.3 billion nucleotides Mapping every gene location (loci) Conducted by scientists around the world

22 22 HGP Insights Only 2% of human genome codes for proteins (exons) Other 98% (introns) are non-coding Only about 20,000 to 25,000 genes (expected 100,000) Proteome organism s complete set of proteins About 8 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) places where humans differ by a single nucleotide About ½ of genome comes from transposons (pieces of DNA that move to different locations on chromosomes)

23 23 Benefits of Human Genome Project Improvements in medical prevention of disease, gene therapies, diagnosis techniques Production of useful protein products for use in medicine, agriculture, bioremediation and pharmaceutical industries. Improved bioinformatics using computers to help in DNA sequencing

24 24 Benefits of Genetic Engineering

25 25 Biotechnology - The use of gene science to create new products from plants and animals

26 26 Biotechnology Provides: Improved food products Medical advances An enhanced environment

27 27 Herbicide Resistant Crops + CP4 EPSPS = Roundup gene Ready Soybeans: Corn: Cotton: Canola: Roundup Ready Roundup Ready, Liberty Link BXN, Roundup Ready Liberty Link, Roundup Ready

28 Biotechnology Breakthroughs Insulin (1982) First commercial biotech product Reliable, inexpensive source of insulin Rice Enriched with beta-carotene and iron Bananas Containing edible hepatitis vaccine 28

29 29 Biotechnology Breakthroughs Potatoes with higher solid content Garlic that lowers cholesterol Fruits and vegetables that reduce risks of cancer and heart disease

30 30 Environmental Benefits Reduced pesticide use Lower energy requirements Cleaner water Less soil erosion

31 31