1. What controls cell activity? 2. How are proteins made in a cell? 3. What controls all life functions?

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2 Essential Questions 1. What controls cell activity? 2. How are proteins made in a cell? 3. What controls all life functions?

3 Ok, but what does DN Deoxyribonucleic stand for acid anyway????!!!!

4 What is DN? It is the genetic information that is passed from generation to generation. Where is it found? It is found in the the nucleus of every living cell. No DN = Death! Does every single cell in our body have the same DN? Yes!

5 What is tightly wound DN in the nucleus of our cells? hromosomes!! What is DN made up of? Phosphate he Nitrogenous Base building blocks are called Sugar -- Deoxyribose Nucleotides

6 Let s have another look at these nucleotides, the building blocks of DN --- shall we????!!!

7 HE BUILDIN BLOKS OF DN: Nucleotides Nitrogenous Bases ( ) Sugar: Deoxyribose Phosphate roup NIROEN BSES PHOSPHE ROUPS SURS

8 denine hymine ytosine uanine NULEOIDE SUR- PHOSPHE BKBONE HYDROEN BONDS

9 Who discovered the shape of DN? Watson and rick -- Won he Nobel Prize What do they call this shape? Double Helix Made of: 2 Strands of alternating Sugar & Phosphate molecules (sides of ladder) Held together by 4 nitrogen bases. (- -) (rungs of ladder) NULEOIDE SUR- PHOSPHE BKBONE HYDROEN BONDS

10 If always pairs with and always pairs with, on your paper, try to figure out the 2 nd, complimentary DN strand for this:

11 HE FUNION OF DN What is replication: Making an exact copy. When would DN need to do this? How does it happen?

12 he replication of DN

13 Replication Occurs in the Nucleus DN

14 Parent DN Molecule

15 DN Helicase Enzyme

16 DN Polymerase Enzymes

17 New Strands of DN

18 New Strands of DN

19 On the Leading Strand DN Polymerase continuously adds new nucleotides, as it follows DN Helicase On the Lagging Strand DN Polymerase runs in the opposite direction of the Helicase, and therefore must make a series of discontinuous pieces (or fragments).

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28 On the Lagging Strand DN Polymerase Leaves a gap in the backbone of the newly Forming strand because It is unable to form the Last covalent bond In the backbone.

29 DN Ligase enzyme can connect the two fragments by forming a covalent bond between them.

30 We now have two identical daughter molecules of DN, and the cell is ready for a Mitosis or a Meiosis division.

31 Ok, we know about DN. Now what does the R in RN stand for????!!!!

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33 So how is RN different from DN? hey are both organic molecules called Nucleic cids. What are the subunits of RN? Phosphate Nucleotides Nitrogenous Base similar to DN Sugar -- Ribose

34 RN RiboNucleic cid Made of nucleotides too, but some differences: = denine = ytosine U = Uracil = uanine Sugar = Ribose Phosphate roup

35 RN video

36 he 3 ypes of RN: Messenger RN = mrn found all over the cell!! ransfer RN = trn Found in the cytoplasm! Ribosomal RN = rrn Makes up ribosomes

37 ranscription: he making of mrn from DN

38 ranscription Occurs in the Nucleus DN

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41 Where is this happening?

42 ranslation = Protein Synthesis It is the making of a protein (polypeptide) What are the subunits of proteins? mino cids Where does it occur in the cell? Ribosomes

43 ranslation DN Occurs in the & cytoplasm & ribosomes

44 mino cids t-rn s m-rn SR ODON Ribosome

45 mino cids t-rn s m-rn SR ODON Ribosome Peptide bond forms

46 mino cids t-rn s m-rn Ribosome

47 mino cids t-rn s m-rn Ribosome

48 mino cids t-rn s m-rn New Protein Ribosome

49 mino cids t-rn s m-rn New Protein Ribosome

50 mino cids t-rn s m-rn New Protein Ribosome

51 mino cids t-rn s m-rn New Protein Ribosome

52 mino cids t-rn s New Protein Ribosome

53 mino cids t-rn s New Protein SOP ODON Ribosome

54 mino cids t-rn s m-rn New Protein

55 mino cids t-rn s m-rn New Protein OOH NH 2

56 U U MINO ID = SPRE MINO ID = LEUINE

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58 Protein Synthesis video

59 Ok, so what kinds of things can go wrong???? (Refer to p. 4)

60 ene Mutations! ny change in the order of bases on the DN is a gene mutation. What are some kinds of mutations? Substitution Deletion ddition Inversion Why could this be really bad news??? What would cause it?

61 he DN ame! double_helix/index.html