SCREENING FOR ECONOMICAL AND EFFECTIVE BIOCATALYST FOR FOOD WASTE COMPOSTING SARAH ELEENA BINTI MOHD USLI. A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the

Transcription

1 SCREENING FOR ECONOMICAL AND EFFECTIVE BIOCATALYST FOR FOOD WASTE COMPOSTING SARAH ELEENA BINTI MOHD USLI A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the Requirement for the award of degree of Bachelor of Chemical Engineering (Bioprocess) FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA JUNE 2013

2 ABSTRACT Solid waste is one of the major environmental problems in Malaysia. Out of 23,000 tons of solid waste produced each day, 10,350 tons are food waste that mostly consists of kitchen waste and leftover food. Effective Microorganism (EM) technology is applied in the composting process since due to its ability to break down organic waste into useable nitrogen-rich fodder in less than four weeks. Bulking agent is used as a medium to provide a proper environment for the growth of microorganisms and also a source of nutrient. This research aimed to study the effect of different bulking agent towards the effectiveness of food waste composting based on its operating temperature, ph, moisture content, composting weight and enzymatic activity. Other than that, the composting performance is also observed which include the sporulation, its odor and production of leachate. The economic aspects studied include cheaper cost of biocatalyst production, easier to get, easier to handle and least damage or last-long biocatalyst. Left over rice and fish were the source of carbohydrate and protein respectively. The kitchen waste compost was prepared by using different bulking agents. The first biocatalyst S1 was made up from the combination of sugar cane beet, coconut waste and rice husk while the second biocatalyst S2 was made up from soy waste and rice husk. The analysis shown that composting using biocatalyst S1 have an optimum range of moisture content from 40-50%, operating temperature of C, a range of ph of 5-9 and higher in decomposition weight compared to biocatalyst of sample 2 in a particular time. It is the most economical too since the bulking agents used are cheapest and easy to get. The cost of production for sample 1 is RM 12,

3 ABSTRAK Sisa pepejal merupkan penyumbang utama kepada masalah pencemaran alam di Malaysia. Daripada 23,000 tan sisa pepejal yang dihasilkan setiap hari, 10,350 tan adalah sisa makanan yang terdiri daripada sisa dapur dan lebihan makanan. Teknologi Effcetive Microorganism (EM) diaplikasikan dalam proses pengomposan kerana kebolehan bakteria-bakteria baik tersebut dalam menguraikan sisa organik kepada produk yang kaya dengan nitrogen. Biomas digunakan sebagai medium untuk menyediakan kondisi yang sesuai untuk tumbesaran dan pembiakan bakteria serta sebagai sumber nutrien.kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji kesan kepelbagaian biomas terhadap keberkesanan pengomposan sisa makanan berdasarkan penghasilan ph, suhu, kandungan kelembapan, berat kompos serta activity enzyme yang optimum. Selain itu, kajian ini turut mengkaji tahap prestasi kompos tersebut melalui bau yang dihasilkan penghasilan leachate dan sporulasi. Antara aspek yang dikaji dalam kajian ini melibatkan kos pengahsilan yang murah, senang didapati dan tahan lama. Sisa makanan iaitu nais dan ikan telah ditetapkan bagi kajian ini sebagai sumber karbihidrat dan protein. Pemangkin untuk pengomposan ini disediakan menggunakan biomas yang berbeza. Sampel pertama adalah gabungan antara hampas tebu, kelapa dan sekam padi manakala untuk sampel kedua dihasilkan menggunakan hampas soya serta sekam padi. Analisis dijalankan keatas dua sampel tersebut dan keputusan menunjukkan sampel 1 menghasilkan kondisi yang optimum untuk pembiakan bakteria serta penghasilan enzyme dengan julat p diantara - kandungan kelem apan dari - suhu yang sesuai untuk pem iakan akteria iaitu dan mempunyai penurunan berat kompos yang tinggi berbanding sampel 2. Sampel 1 juga mempunyai kos penghasilan yang jauh

4 lebih murah daripada sampel 2 dengan kos sebanyak RM12,

5 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE PAGE ABSTRACT ABSTRAK TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURE LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ii iii iv vii viii ix 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study Problem Statement Objectives of the study Scope of study 5 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Food Waste Composting EM Technology Bulking Agent for Biocatalyst Microorganisms Growth and Decomposition Process 11

6 2.5 Economic Analysis of Composting 15 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction Preparation of samples Preparation of EMAS Solution Preparation of EM Bokashi (Biocatalyst) Application of Biocatalyst for Composting Composting Analysis Temperature ph Moisture Content Composting Weight Enzymatic Activity Amylase Cellulase Protease Phosphatase Composting Performance 27 4 RESULTS & DISCUSSION 4.1 Introduction Temperature ph Moisture Content 30

7 4.5 Composting Weight Enzymatic Activity Amylase Cellulase Protease Phosphatase Composting Performance Economic analysis 40 5 CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION 5.1 Conclusion Recommendation 44 REFERENCES 45 APPENDICES 48

8 REFERENCES Adhikari, B. K., Barrington, S., Martinez, J., & King, S. (2008). Characterization of food waste and bulking agents for composting. Waste management (New York, N.Y.), 28(5), doi: /j.wasman Alef, K, Nannipieri P, and Trazar- epeda.. Phosphatase ctivity. In: Alef K and Nannipieri P. Methods in Applied Soil Microbiology and Biochemistry. Academic Press Inc., San Diego, USA: Anto, H., Trivedi, U. & Patel, K., Alpha Amylase Production by Bacillus cereus MTCC 1305 Using Solid-State Fermentation., 44(2), pp Aoshima, M., Pedro, M. S., Haruta, S., Ding, L., Fukada, T., Kigawa, a, Kodama, T., et al. (2001). Analyses of microbial community within a composter operated using household garbage with special reference to the addition of soybean oil. Journal of bioscience and bioengineering, 91(5), Retrieved from Brijwani, K., Oberoi, H.S. & Vadlani, P. V., Production of a cellulolytic enzyme system in mixed-culture solid-state fermentation of soybean hulls supplemented with wheat bran. Process Biochemistry, 45(1), pp Available at: [Accessed May 25, 2013].

9 Britton, H.T.S and R.A. Robinson, Universal buffer solutions and the dissociation constant of veronal. J. Chem. Soc., pp: Chang, J.I. & Chen, Y.J., Effects of bulking agents on food waste composting. Bioresource technology, 101(15), pp Available at: [Accessed January 2, 2013]. Chutmanop, J. et al., Protease production by Aspergillus oryzae in solid-state fermentation using agroindustrial substrates., 1018(January), pp Freitag, D.G. & Meihoefer, P.H., The Use of Effective Microorganisms ( EM ) in Organic Waste Management. Sustainable Community Development Ibrahim, C.O., Development of applications of industrial enzymes from Malaysian indigenous microbial sources. Bioresource Technology, 99(11), pp Available at: JM Agnew; JJ Leonard (Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, U. of A., The Physical Properties of Compost. Compost Science & Utilization, 11(3), pp Madigan, M.T. & Martinko, J.M., B ROCK B IOLOGY OF M ICROORGANISMS., pp.1 17.

10 Mishra, S. & Behera, N., Amylase activity of a starch degrading bacteria isolated from soil receiving kitchen wastes., 7(18), pp Ngan, H. & Cheung, B., DURING COMPOSTING OF FOOD WASTE : by. Paranthaman, R., Alagusundaram, K. & Indhumathi, J., Production of Protease from Rice Mill Wastes by Aspergillus niger in Solid State Fermentation., 5(3), pp Parr, J.F. & Higa, T., BENEFICIAL AND EFFECTIVE for a SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE., (808), pp Parr, J.F., Hornick, S.B. & Kaufman, D.D., USE OF MICROBIAL INOCULANTS AND ORGANIC FER- TILIZERS IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION. Soil - Microbial Systems Laboratory, 11(01), pp Smits, J.P. et al., Solid-state fermentation of wheat bran by Trichoderma reesei QM9414: substrate composition changes, C balance, enzyme production, growth and kinetics. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 46(5-6), pp Available at: