Microbial Biotechnology BIOL410

Transcription

1 Microbial Biotechnology BIOL410

2 Course outline Introduction: microbial biotechnology scope and history Microbial Diversity Microbial metabolism Fermentation Microbial Biotechnology in Agriculture and Aquaculture Overview session Mid Term Exam Production of Proteins in Bacteria and Yeast Recombinant DNA technology Medical applications Food technology Bioremediation Environmental Applications of Microorganisms Overview session Final exam

3 Industrial Microbiology Humans were using microbes even before they knew about their existence As the knowledge of microbes grew, humans improved & expanded their uses Now managing these microbe has become a science

4 Uses of Microbes Antibiotics Vitamins Food supplements Industrial chemicals Recombinant DNA technology

5 Microbes Are Everywhere! In the soil

6 Microbes Are Everywhere! In thermal areas

7 Microbes Are Everywhere! In ice

8 Microbes Are Everywhere! In salt

9 Microbes Are Everywhere! In water, viruses outnumber bacteria by 2-10:1

10 Microbes Are Everywhere! In the deeps

11 Microbes Live Together In biofilms in pipes

12 Microbes Live Together On your teeth

13 And with other organisms With plant roots

14 And with other organisms In coral

15 And with other organisms In clams

16 And with other organisms In lichens

17 And with other organisms With cows and termites

18 And with other organisms With fish

19 We Use Existing Microbes To make foods

20 We Use Existing Microbes To make alcohol

21 We Use Existing Microbes To clean up oil spills

22 We Use Existing Microbes To turn trash into soil

23 We Use Existing Microbes To leach ores

24 We Use Existing Microbes To make medical products

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26 Microbiotechnology 1. Traditional uses make & preserve human & animal food 2. As chemical factories make chemicals & drugs 3. Genetically engineered microbes

27 Traditional uses a. Lactic acid bacteria Ferment sugars, their metabolic products have a pleasant taste Used to make dairy products, cheese, sauerkraut, green olives With exception of some streptococci these organisms are harmless to humans

28 Traditional uses b. Yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) Are as important as lactic acid bacteria Ferment sugars & produce ethanol & CO 2 Used in the wine industry Bread making To make vinegar 2 step process- Yeasts ferment sugar to ethanol, then Acetobacter converts that to acetic acid

29 Mixed cultures Cultures of bacteria & fungi Used to make fermented foods kefir (laban), soy sauce, miso

30 Microbial Insecticides Unlike chemical insecticides these are ecologically safe Species of Bacillus are insect pathogens B. thuringiensis endospores lethal to insects ( marketed as Bt) B. popilliae controls japanese beetles (marketed as Bp) Protozoa Nosema locustae bait for grasshoppers & locusts

31 2 Chemical Factories Due to their rapid rate of growth and metabolism microbes are use to manufacture many commercial products Can be done: Anaerobically Aerobically

32 Anaerobic Fermentations Most common substrate used is blackstrap molasses Ethanol Acetone Butanol

33 Aerobic Processes Sterilized air must be supplied to prevent contamination of cultures Antibiotics Amino acids used to enhance flavor of foods Enzymes wide variety of uses

34 Genetically Engineered Microbes Medical Uses Agricultural Uses

35 Medical Uses Genetically engineered microbes use for: Hormones Human growth hormone Insulin Tissue plasminogen activator binds to & dissolves clots Vitamins

36 Agricultural Uses Bt toxin Ice minus gene Better silage makers

37 Microorganisms and Agriculture Ice-nucleating bacteria story Plant frost damage is caused by the presence of ice-nucleating bacteria (Pseudomonas, Erwinia, Xanthomonas) on plants The ice + gene on the bacterial chromosome encodes an ice-nucleating protein which allows for ice crystal formation at 0 to 2 C When the ice gene is deleted from the bacteria, ice crystal formation (frost damage) does not occur until -6 to -8 C

38 We Modify Microbes To protect plants from pests

39 We Modify Microbes To clean up toxic waste = bioremediation

40 We Modify Microbes Recombinant DNA Technology: Insertion or modification of genes to produce desired proteins

41 We Modify Microbes To make medicines

42 Herceptin Trastuzumab (Herceptin) is a monoclonal antibody that interferes with the HER2/neu receptor. The HER receptors are proteins that are embedded in the cell membrane and communicate molecular signals from outside the cell to inside the cell, and turn genes on and off. The HER proteins regulate cell growth, survival, adhesion, migration, and differentiation functions that are amplified or weakened in cancer cells. In some cancers, notably some breast cancers, the HER2 receptor is defective and stuck in the "on" position, and causes breast cells to reproduce uncontrollably, causing breast cancer. Antibodies are molecules from the immune system that bind selectively to different proteins. Herceptin is an antibody that binds selectively to the HER2 protein. When it binds to defective HER2 proteins, the HER2 protein no longer causes cells in the breast to reproduce uncontrollably. This increases the survival of people with cancer. However, cancers usually develop resistance to herceptin.

43 Herceptin Trastuzumab (perceptin) was originally developed in mice, as a mouse antibody. Because humans have immune reactions to mouse proteins, it was later developed into a human (humanized) antibody. Because the antibodies were produced from one cell that was grown into a clone of identical cells, it is called a monoclonal antibody. Cost of treatment: $ per year.

44 Structure of Herceptin

45 Acrylamide production Biotransformation Acrylamide is one of the most important commodity chemicals. Its global consumption is about 200,000 tonnes per year. It is used in the production of various polymers for use as flocculants, additives or for petroleum recovery. Biotransformation: Moderate conditions Yield: almost 100% No need to remove copper Enzymatic process being carried out below 10 C under mild reaction conditions and requiring no special energy source The immobilized cells are used repeatedly and a very pure product is obtained. The first successful example of using biotransformation in production of commodity chemicals

46 Immobilization (cell, enzyme) Immobilized means unable to move or stationary an microorganism (or enzyme) that is physically attached to a solid support over which a substrate is passed and convert to product.

47 Summary Microbial Application

48 Problems with Biotechnology Transfer of genes found in transgenic organisms to natural populations. Terminator genes have been used to minimize this risk

49 Problems with Biotechnology Unexpected impacts of genetically modified organisms and biotechnology processes on other organisms and the environment

50 Problems with Biotechnology Expense of the utilization (research) of many biotechnology techniques

51 What Are Bioethics? Ethics- knowing right from wrong, and then doing the right idea Bio-living organisms Bioethics- knowing right from wrong with living organisms, and then doing the right idea Ag.Home/biotechethics.htm