Subterm 2 Final Review Guide

Transcription

1 Name: Date: Period: Subterm 2 Final Review Guide *** This review guide is only some of what you should know for the final. Make sure you study ALL of your notes and any diagrams that are appropriate (Pedigrees, Punnett squares, Meiosis steps, Evolution notes, graphs ) Chapter What are chromosomes made of? 2. When are chromosomes visible in a cell? Picture here: 3. Draw and label: chromosome, sister chromatids, and the centromere. 4. Why are sister chromatids identical? 5. What is the job of the spindle fibers? 6. What are centrioles? 7. What are centromeres? Know ALL the steps of Meiosis! 8. What is the product of meiosis? 9. What is the difference between meiosis I and meiosis II? 10. How is meiosis different that mitosis? 11. What is a diploid cell vs. a haploid cell? 12. What is the diploid chromosome number in humans? The haploid number? 13. Cross two plants that are heterozygous for Yellow pods. List all possible offspring. (yellow color (Y); green pod color(y)).

2 14. Define homozygous and heterozygous. 15. Define phenotype and genotype. 16. Describe the ideas/work of Gregor Mendel (what are his laws?). 17. Differentiate between a hybrid organism and a true breeding organism in terms of genotype. 18. What is a gene?. 19. What is a trait? 20. What is a homologous pair of chromosomes and when do they separate (mitosis or meiosis? And which step?) 21. What does a punnett square tell you? Chapter Who is credited with the discovery of the structure of DNA? What was the date? What did they win as a result of their work? 23. Who was researching the structure of DNA by using crystallography (x-ray diffraction)? 24. Explain the difference between DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. 25. Compare DNA to RNA.

3 26. Draw and label the parts of a nucleotide of DNA. 27. What makes up the BACKBONE of DNA 28. What makes up the steps of the ladder in a DNA molecule 29. Where does DNA replication occur? 30. What is the product of DNA replication? 31. Where does transcription occur? What is the product of transcription? 33. Where does translation occur? 34. What is the product of translation? 35. What are the base pairing rules? 36. What holds the DNA strands together? 37. What is a codon? 38. The following is the base sequence of an original strand of DNA: A A T- G C C- A G T- G G T- T C G- C A C a) Write the base sequence of the complementary DNA strand. b) Write the base sequence of the strand of mrna transcribed from the above (complementary) DNA strand. c) What protein (amino acid sequence) would this mrna code for? 39. Genes provide the instructions for making which macromolecule? 40. What causes DNA mutations? Chapter What is the difference between a pedigree and a karyotype? 42. What is shown in a karyotype?

4 43 How many chromosomes are in a normal human cell? In a normal human gamete? 44. A normal human gamete contains sex chromosome (either X or Y) and autosome(s). 45. What is the difference between autosomes and sex chromosomes? 46. What are homologous chromosomes? 47. A female egg cell would carry how many X chromosomes and how many Y chromosomes 48. A male sperm cell would carry how many X chromosomes or how many Y chromosomes 49. How is Cystic Fibrosis inherited? Huntington s Disease? 50. Give two examples of sex-linked traits. ***Be able to interpret a pedigree! Review your notes / worksheets from Ch. 14!!! 51. What is nondisjunction? List two disorders that can result from nondisjunction. 52. An X-linked (sex linked) recessive gene produces red-green colorblindness in humans. (look up colorblindness in your notes) a) A normal woman whose father was color blind marries a color blind man. What percentage of their children will be colorblind? (Do the cross to find out) b) A normal man who s father was colorblind marries a normal woman who is a carrier for the color-blind allele. What percentage of their children will be colorblind? (Do the cross to find out)

5 Hemophilia is sex-linked recessive disorder. Fill out the table below then answer questions (54-55). GENOTYPE X H X H X H X h X h X h X H Y X h Y PHENOTYPE (include sex) Normal Female 54. A normal woman whose father had hemophilia marries a hemophiliac man. What is the likelihood (percentage) that their children will have hemophilia? (show your work! Be specific) Answer: 55. A normal man whose father had hemophilia marries a normal woman whose father was normal but mother had the disorder. What is the likelihood (%) that their children will have hemophilia? (show your work! Be specific) Answer: 56.. What are the possible phenotypes for blood type? 57. What are the possible genotypes for each phenotypic blood type? 58. If dad is homozygous type A and mom is type O, what are the possible genotypes of the offspring? (do the square) 59. If dad is heterozygous Type A and mom is heterozygous Type B, what is the probability they will have a child who is type O? (Do the square) 60. What is Rh factor?

6 61. If mom is Rh - and dad is heterozygous Rh +, what is the percent chance their offspring will be Rh -? (do the square) Ecology (Chapter 3): 61. What is ecology? 62. Define the following words and give examples of each: -herbivore: -omnivore: -carnivore: -detritivore: -decomposer: 63. Draw an energy pyramid that has 4 levels using organisms of your choice. 64. How much energy in one trophic level will be passed on to the higher level? Why doesn t all the energy transfer? 65. What is the difference between a food chain and a food web? 66. What is the difference between a consumer and a producer? 67. Classify the following as either biotic or abiotic: a) grassb) rocksc) waterd) butterflye) fish- 68. Define the three types of symbiosis and give examples of each. a) mutualismb) commensalismc) parasitism- 69. What is a limiting factor and what does it have to do with carrying capacity? 70. Explain exponential growth versus logistic growth and draw the graphs. 71. Describe human population growth. 72. Estimate how many people there are in the world. 73. What is the importance of fungi and bacteria to ecology? 74. What is the role of the sun in the energy pyramid?