Rethinking Polynesian Origins: Human Settlement of the Pacific

Transcription

1 LENScience Senior Biology Seminar Series 2011 Rethinking Polynesian Origins: Human Settlement of the Pacific Michal Denny, Lisa Matisoo-Smith 7 April, 2011

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3 Rethinking Polynesian Origins Evolution Mutations Migration Applications of Biotechnological Techniques Nature of Science

4 NCEA Level 3 Achievement Standards: 3.1 Ecological Niche 3.2 Contemporary Biological Issue 3.3 DNA and Gene Expression 3.4 Animal Behaviour & Plant Responses 3.5 Processes & Patterns of Evolution 3.6 Applications of biotechnological techniques 3.7 Trends in Human Evolution

5 New Zealand Scholarship To use biological knowledge and thinking skills to analyse the biological situation presented and integrate ideas into a coherent response. Demonstrate perception and insight.

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7 Human Migrations EURASIA Early modern humans

8 Out of Africa Replacement EXTINCT Africa Evolution of modern Homo sapiens 180,000-60,000 years ago Migration of Homo erectus 1.8 million years ago Multi-Regional Gene Flow Africa

9 Cell Mitochondria Nucleus

10 Nuclear DNA

11 Mitochondrial DNA 16,500 bp

12 Inheritance of mtdna Mitochondria Nucleus

13 X and Y chromosomes

14 NRY = nonrecombining portion NRY Provides evidence similar to mtdna in females

15 Inheritance of Y chromosome & mtdna Who isn t included?

16 A T G G C T A C C G Base Pair

17 Mutations Single Nucleotide Polymorphism SNPs = Snips

18 Mutations Single Nucleotide Polymorphism SNPs = Snips

19 Mutations Single Nucleotide Polymorphism SNPs = Snips

20 Mutations Single Nucleotide Polymorphism SNPs = Snips

21 Mutations Single Nucleotide Polymorphism SNPs = Snips

22 Mutations Single Nucleotide Polymorphism SNPs = Snips

23 DNA and Evolutionary relationships Sample 1: A T G T A A C G T T A T A

24 DNA and Evolutionary relationships Sample 1: A T G T A A C G T T A T A Sample 2: A C G T A A C G T T A T A

25 DNA and Evolutionary relationships Sample 1: A T G T A A C G T T A T A Sample 2: A C G T A A C G T T A T A

26 DNA and Evolutionary relationships Sample 1: A T G T A A C G T T A T A Sample 2: A C G T A A C G T T A T A 1 2

27 DNA and Evolutionary relationships Sample 1: A T G T A A C G T T A T A Sample 2: A C G T A A C G T T A T A Sample 3: A C G A A A C G T T A T A 1 2

28 DNA and Evolutionary relationships Sample 1: A T G T A A C G T T A T A Sample 2: A C G T A A C G T T A T A Sample 3: A C G A A A C G T T A T A 1 2

29 DNA and Evolutionary relationships Sample 1: A T G T A A C G T T A T A Sample 2: A C G T A A C G T T A T A Sample 3: A C G A A A C G T T A T A 1 2

30 DNA and Evolutionary relationships Sample 1: A T G T A A C G T T A T A Sample 2: A C G T A A C G T T A T A Sample 3: A C G A A A C G T T A T A 1 2 3

31 DNA and Evolutionary relationships Sample 1: A T G T A A C G T T A T A Sample 2: A C G T A A C G T T A T A Sample 3: A C G A A A C G T T A T A Sample 4: A C G A A A G G T T A T A 1 2 3

32 DNA and Evolutionary relationships Sample 1: A T G T A A C G T T A T A Sample 2: A C G T A A C G T T A T A Sample 3: A C G A A A C G T T A T A Sample 4: A C G A A A G G T T A T A 1 2 3

33 DNA and Evolutionary relationships Sample 1: A T G T A A C G T T A T A Sample 2: A C G T A A C G T T A T A Sample 3: A C G A A A C G T T A T A Sample 4: A C G A A A G G T T A T A

34 Neanderthal DNA Denisova Cave Flores Hobbit

35 TIME African French Han Melanesian Neanderthal Denisovan Size of population

36 TIME African French Han Melanesian Neanderthal Denisovan Time of separation of common ancestor of Neanderthal and Denisovan Size of population

37 TIME Time of Denisovan and Neanderthal separation African French Han Melanesian Neanderthal Denisovan Size of population

38 TIME Out of Africa migration African French Han Melanesian Neanderthal Denisovan Size of population

39 TIME Out of Africa migration African French Han Melanesian Neanderthal Gene flow Denisovan Size of population

40 Neanderthals EURASIA Homo erectus Homo sapiens yr OCEANIA Bustamante, C. D., & Henn, B. M. (2010). Human origins: Shadows of early migrations. Nature, 468(7327),

41 Neanderthals Gene flow Denisovans Gene flow Homo erectus Homo sapiens yr yr OCEANIA Bustamante, C. D., & Henn, B. M. (2010). Human origins: Shadows of early migrations. Nature, 468(7327),

42 Settlement of the Pacific

43 BP BP BP Diagram by Christopher Cagé. Licensed for use under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported.

44 Carolines Near Oceania Remote Oceania Loyalties

45 MICRONESIA POLYNESIA MELANESIA

46 Carolines Near Oceania Remote Oceania Loyalties

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48 Lapita cultural complex

49 3350 BP Lapita Dispersal 3100 BP 2900 BP

50 Hawai'i Lapita as Polynesian Ancestors Fiji Samoa Polynesian Homeland Tonga Cook Islands Society Islands Austral Islands Marquesas Tuamotu Islands Easter Island New Zealand Chatham Island

51 Hawai'i Lapita as Polynesian Ancestors Fiji Samoa Polynesian Homeland Tonga Cook Islands Society Islands Austral Islands Marquesas Tuamotu Islands Easter Island New Zealand Chatham Island

52 Origins: Austronesian Languages Taiwan Central Malayo-Polynesian Western Malayo-Polynesian Oceanic

53 Austronesian Languages Slide courtesy of Russell Gray. Adapted from Gray, Drummond, & Greenhill (2009) Science, 323,

54 Evidence from DNA Y chromosome and mtdna

55 L1 L2 L3 L3 Africa

56 L3 M Out of Africa N L1 L2 L3

57 Migrations based on mtdna N M Early modern humans

58 L3 M Asia N L1 L2 L3

59 L3 M Europe and Asia N R L1 L2 L3

60 L3 M Pacific N Ancient BP R L1 L2 L3 Q M28 Q M28 P

61 L3 M Pacific N Recent <10,000 BP R L1 L2 L3 Q M28 B4 B4 P

62 Asian derived mtdna Near Oceanic derived Kayser, et al. (2006). Melanesian and Asian origins of Polynesians: mtdna and Y chromosome gradients across the Pacific. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 23(11), Used with permission from Oxford University Press

63 Asian derived Y chromosome Near Oceanic derived Kayser, et al. (2006). Melanesian and Asian origins of Polynesians: mtdna and Y chromosome gradients across the Pacific. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 23(11), Used with permission from Oxford University Press

64 Problems with this evidence Admixture historic and prehistoric blurs the picture. Founder effects who was on the canoe? Bottlenecks introduction of European diseases

65 Ways around these problems 1. Ancient DNA Can be used to estimate time of arrival Removes issue of admixture 2. Commensal approaches

66 The Commensal Model

67 Commensal animals in the Pacific

68 The Rat s Tale Origins and dispersals of Pacific peoples: Evidence from mtdna phylogenies of the Pacific rat Matisoo-Smith & Robins 2004 PNAS 101(24):

69 Matisoo-Smith, E., & Robins, J. H. (2004). Origins and dispersals of Pacific peoples: Evidence from mtdna phylogenies of the Pacific rat. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101(24),

70 Group I Group II Group III Matisoo-Smith, E., & Robins, J. H. (2004). Origins and dispersals of Pacific peoples: Evidence from mtdna phylogenies of the Pacific rat. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101(24),

71 Lapita Sites in Near Oceania

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73 Commensal animals in the Pacific

74 New Model for Pacific settlement Addison, D. J., & Matisoo-Smith, E. (2010). Rethinking Polynesians origins: a West-Polynesia Triple-I Model. Archaeology in Oceania, 45(1), Used with permission from Oceania Publications

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77 Nuclear DNA showing Polynesia/ Micronesian connections Friedlaender et al PLoS Genetics

78 mtdna

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80 Challenge 1 DNA Discuss why mtdna rather than nuclear DNA is used in research like this and the differences in information that can be obtained from ancient and modern mtdna samples.

81 Challenge 2 What is a species? Compare and contrast the three ways of defining a species. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of each method and discuss the limitations of using only mtdna or nuclear DNA evidence to decide on whether two populations are a different species.

82 Challenge 3 Advances in Biotechnology Discuss the ways in which biotechnology has advanced the ability of scientists to investigate the hypothesis that there was more than one wave of migration into the Pacific.

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86 Epsom Girls Grammar School Student EC I was wondering how Ancient DNA is extracted and preserved? Also, how do researchers find out how old an extract of ancient DNA is?

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88 Palmerston North Girls' High School Student SP What is the rate at which DNA breaks down after an organism's death, and therefore how it is possible to extract intact DNA which is thousands of years old?

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90 Epsom Girls Grammar School Student JT Are there any differences between the modern humans who lived in the time of the Neanderthals and interbred with them, and modern humans of the present time?

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92 Producer / Director Jocelyn Ford Multicast Robert Hamilton Technical Manager Nick Haines Production Assistant Kate Stevens Camera Paul Richards, James Dunlop, Joe Lawry Sound Andrew Lovrin Livechat Helen Mora, Shawn Cooper, Anna Lehmann Writers / Presenters Michal Denny, Lisa Matisoo-Smith LENScience Connect is Funded by the National Research Centre for Growth and Development LENScience Connect Liggins Institute, University of Auckland 2011