Revision on The Third Quarter G8 Biology ( )

Transcription

1 Revision on The Third Quarter 8 iology ( ) Multiple hoice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1 Which of these traits is controlled by a gene with multiple alleles? straight hairline smile dimples widow s peak blood type 2 What are multiple alleles? more than two genes that control a trait three or more forms of a gene that code for a single trait three or more chromosomes that determine a trait more than two codominant genes in a chromosome 3 Why does height in humans have such a wide variety of phenotypes? eight is controlled by at least four genes. The gene for height has only two alleles. eight is controlled by sex-linked genes. eight is controlled by a recessive allele. 4 What controls variations in skin color among humans? a person s diet many genes multiple alleles of a single gene two alleles of a single gene 5 Which of these human traits is altered by variations in environment? hairline height smile dimples blood type 6 What factors can affect a person s height? genes only both genes and environmental factors a person s blood type a person s karyotype 7 Which combination of sex chromosomes results in a male human being? XX YY XY either XX or YY 8 Why are sex-linked traits more common in males than in females? ll alleles on the X chromosome are dominant. ll alleles on the Y chromosome are recessive. recessive allele on the X chromosome will always produce the trait in a male. ny allele on the Y chromosome will be codominant with the matching allele on the X chromosome. 9 ow does a geneticist use pedigrees? to create genetic crosses

2 to replicate identical strings of N to prove that sex-linked traits are caused by codominant alleles to trace the inheritance of traits in humans 10 What is a pedigree? a chart that tracks which members of a family have a particular trait a geneticist who studies the inheritance of traits in humans a picture of all of the chromosomes in a cell an allele passed from parent to child on a sex chromosome 11 enetic disorders are caused by pedigrees. N mutations or changes in chromosomes. dominant alleles only. recessive alleles only. 12 Which genetic disorder causes the body to produce unusually thick mucus in the lungs and intestines? hemophilia own syndrome cystic fibrosis sickle-cell disease 13 What is a karyotype? a sex-linked genetic disorder a picture of a baby before it is born a picture of the chromosomes in a cell fluid that surrounds a baby before it is born 14 What would be the best way to predict the probability of a baby having cystic fibrosis? by studying the parents karyotypes by studying the family s pedigree chart by exploring new methods of genetic engineering by determining whether the parents have codominant alleles 15 loning results in two organisms that are both adult mammals. produced from cuttings. genetically similar. genetically identical. 16 Which of these is an example of the benefits of genetic engineering? cross-breeding to create disease-resistant crops creating human insulin to treat people with diabetes analyzing karyotypes and pedigree charts growing a new plant from a cutting 17 The uman enome Project can help genetic engineers produce human proteins because identical twins have identical N. the uman enome Project has determined the structure of transfer RN. the uman enome Project has determined the structure of human proteins. to produce a protein, geneticists must know the sequence of N bases that codes for the protein. 18 What is the purpose of the uman enome Project? to identify the N sequence of every gene in the human genome to clone every gene on a single chromosome in human N to cure genetic diseases to inbreed the best genes on every chromosome in human N

3 19 What is a genome? all the cells produced during meiosis all the plasmids produced from inserting N into a cell all the N in one cell of an organism all the karyotypes in a cell 20 oth parents of a child have type blood. What might their child s blood type be? Type only Type or type Type or type O Type or type 21 Sex-linked genes are genes on the X chromosome only. the Y chromosome only. the X and Y chromosomes. all 23 pairs of chromosomes. 22 In an attempt to produce a potato that tastes good and also resists disease, plant breeders crossed a potato variety that tastes good with a variety that resists disease. This technique is an example of genetic engineering. inbreeding. hybridization. cloning. 23 Which form of selective breeding crosses parents with the same or similar sets of alleles? fertilization inbreeding hybridization cloning 24 carrier is a person who has one recessive and one dominant allele for a trait. two recessive alleles for a trait. two dominant alleles for a trait. more than two alleles for a trait. 25 What must occur for a girl to be colorblind? Each parent must be colorblind. Each parent must have the dominant allele for colorblindness. Each parent must have the recessive allele for colorblindness. Each parent must have two codominant alleles for colorblindness. 26 emophilia is caused by a(n) recessive allele on the X chromosome. extra chromosome. dominant allele. codominant allele. 27 own syndrome most often occurs when a person inherits a recessive allele. chromosomes fail to separate properly during meiosis. sickle-shaped cells become stuck in blood vessels. blood fails to clot properly. 28 What genetic disorder results in abnormally shaped blood cells? hemophilia own syndrome

4 cystic fibrosis sickle-cell disease 29 Many characteristics are affected by interactions between genes and chromosomes. the environment. alleles. carriers. 30 dults with own syndrome can often find work because they have received folic acid. physical therapy. education and job training. genetic counseling. 31 What determines the genetic code? the order of nitrogen bases along a gene the number of nitrogen bases in a N molecule the order of amino acids in a protein the number of guanine and cytosine bases in a chromosome 32 The order of the bases along a gene determines the order in which sugars are put together to form a carbohydrate. phosphates are arranged in N. amino acids are put together to form a protein. chromosomes are arranged in the nucleus. 33 What does messenger RN do during protein synthesis? copies the coded message from the N and carries it into the cytoplasm copies the coded message from the N and carries it into the nucleus carries amino acids and adds them to the growing protein copies the coded message from the protein and carries it into the nucleus 34 What do transfer RN molecules do during protein synthesis? copy the coded message from the protein and carry it into the nucleus copy the coded message from the N and carry it into the nucleus carry amino acids and add them to the growing protein copy the coded message from the N and carry it into the cytoplasm 35 What is a mutation? any change that is harmful to an organism any change in a gene or chromosome any change that is helpful to an organism any change in the phenotype of a cell 36 mutation is harmful to an organism if it changes the N of the organism. changes the phenotype of the organism. reduces the organism s chances for survival and reproduction. makes the organism better able to avoid predators. 37 Where does protein synthesis take place? in the ribosomes in the nucleus of the cell on the ribosomes in the cytoplasm of the cell in the chromosomes in the nucleus of the cell on the chromosomes in the cytoplasm of the cell 38 Which nitrogen base in RN is NOT part of N? adenine

5 guanine cytosine uracil Modified True/alse Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true. 39 Even if a gene has multiple alleles, a person cannot have more than three of those alleles. 40 Traits that have many different phenotypes, such as height and skin color, are often controlled by a single gene. 41 person s environment can affect his or her genotype for certain traits, such as height. 42 Sex-linked traits that are controlled by recessive alleles are more likely to show up in males. 43 male is represented by a square in a pedigree. 44 genetic disorder in which an abnormal form of hemoglobin is produced is hemophilia. 45 doctor can look at the chromosomes of a cell in a karyotype. 46 The technique called cloning produces an organism that is genetically identical to its parent. 47 Except for identical twins, all people have the same N. 48 The goal of N fingerprinting is to identify the N sequence of every gene. 49 The number of N bases along a gene specifies the type of protein that will be produced. 50 Transfer RN carries coded messages from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. 51 mutation in a sex cell can be passed to offspring. ompletion omplete each statement. 52 The three alleles on the single gene that controls blood type are said to be alleles. 53 When many genes control a trait, the trait will show a large number of. 54 Improvements in can alter the effects of genes on height. 55 person s surroundings, or, can change the effects of a person s genes. 56 n egg that is fertilized by a sperm cell with a(n) chromosome will develop into a female. 57 carrier is a person who has one allele for a trait.

6 58 (n) is used to track the occurrence of a trait in a family. 59 People who have the genetic disorder called suffer from abnormally low levels of oxygen in the blood. 60 person who has the genetic disorder called bleeds easily. 61 own s syndrome is caused by the presence of an extra. 62 karyotype can be used to diagnose the genetic disorder called. 63 reeders use a technique called to cross genetically different individuals. 64 gene from one organism is inserted into the N of another organism in the process known as. 65 Scientists in the uman enome Project are working to identify the sequence of every human gene. 66 ll of the N in one cell of an organism is called a(n). 67 selective breeding technique called has been used to breed purebred racehorses. 68 gene is said to have multiple alleles if it has more than alleles. 69 (n) helps couples understand their chances of having a child with a genetic disorder. 70 pattern produced from fragments of the N of a specific person is called a(n). 71 karyotype can be used to determine the number of in a person s cells. 72 set of three bases codes for one specific in a protein. 73 RN adds amino acids to a growing protein. 74 section of N has the base sequence T. The corresponding section of a messenger RN molecule will have the base sequence. 75 The substitution of one base for another during N replication is an example of a(n).

7 Revision on The Third Quarter 8 iology ( ) nswer Section MULTIPLE OIE MOIIE TRUE/LSE

8 39, two 40, many genes 41, phenotype 42 T 43 T 44, sickle-cell disease 45 T 46 T 47, different 48, the uman enome Project 49, order 50, Messenger 51 T OMPLETION 52 multiple 53 phenotypes 54 diet 55 environment 56 X 57 recessive 58 pedigree 59 sickle-cell disease sickle cell disease 60 hemophilia 61 chromosome 62 own syndrome 63 hybridization 64 genetic engineering 65 N 66 genome 67 inbreeding 68 two 69 genetic counselor 70 N fingerprint 71 chromosomes 72 amino acid 73 Transfer 74 U 75 mutation