Get In My Body. Subject Area(s) biology, chemistry, life sciences, science and technology Associated Unit Lesson Title Get In My Body Header

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1 Key: Yellow highlight = required component Get In My Body Subject Area(s) biology, chemistry, life sciences, science and technology Associated Unit Lesson Title Get In My Body Header Image 1 Image file: insulin.jpeg ADA Description: Picture of a person who uses an insulin pump for administration and a picture of a person who uses shots. Source/Rights: Copyright Megan Ketchum Caption: Depending on an individual s preferences, various types of daily administration methods can be used. For example, insulin can be administered using an insulin pump as shown on the left or shots as shown on the right. Grade Level 11 (9-12) Lesson # of Lesson Dependency none Time Required 35 minutes Summary Students learn about current drug delivery methods, why each one has its advantages and disadvantages, and the problems engineers face when designing new pharmaceuticals. They acquire knowledge about research for future drug delivery systems and the benefits in comparison to current methods. Engineering Connection Pharmaceuticals are used every day to relieve pain, fight diseases, and monitor levels of hormones. Each drug has its own method of action and needs to reach different areas of the body. To do this, it may have to pass through the harsh conditions of the stomach or be injected through the skin. Engineers design drug encapsulations that will allow drug to be released at the proper times or alter properties of drugs to increase their bioavailability through cocrystallization. Engineering Category = 1 Version: August

2 Choose the category that best describes this lesson s amount/depth of engineering content: 1. Relating science and/or math concept(s) to engineering 2. Engineering analysis or partial design 3. Engineering design process Keywords Drugs, pharmaceuticals, biomedical engineering, drug delivery, polymers, diffusion, solubility Educational Standards (List 2-4) Texas science, 2010, grades 9-12, A Chapter 130. Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills for Career and Technical Education Subchapter O. Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (4) The student describes the factors that affect the progression of technology and the potential intended and unintended consequences of technological advances. The student is expected to: (A) describe how technology has affected individuals, societies, cultures, economies, and environments ITEEA, 2000, 1.L The Nature of Technology (Grades K - 12) Standard 1. Students will develop an understanding of the characteristics and scope of technology. L. Inventions and innovations are the result of specific, goal-directed research. ITEEA, 2000, 2.AA The Nature of Technology (Grades K - 12) Standard 2. Students will develop an understanding of the core concepts of technology. AA. Requirements involve the identification of the criteria and constraints of a product or system and the determination of how they affect the final design and development Pre-Requisite Knowledge A basic understanding of the human anatomy and how the circulatory system works with all parts of the body would be beneficial. Some simple knowledge about pharmaceuticals and drugs used in every day life would be helpful. Learning Objectives After this lesson, students should be able to: Explain the main methods of drug administration and their pros and cons List the design considerations that engineers and doctors must take into account and why these are important Describe new methods of drug administration and current research in the area of drug delivery Introduction / Motivation Pharmaceuticals save lives every day by combating diseases, providing vaccination, preventing infection, or monitoring hormone levels in the body. Before the discovery of certain pharmaceuticals, certain individuals would not survive. As more pharmaceuticals were created or found, methods of administration needed to be improved for ease of everyday usage. Primitive ways methods included eating herbs containing pharmaceutical compounds, infusing drugs into Version: August

3 tea or pastes that worked like Vic s Vapor Rub. When injections were introduced, the number of lives saved or improved increased. As new pharmaceuticals are created, we need to have methods of drug delivery for each one. Lesson Background & Concepts for Teachers Pharmaceuticals are an important part of life and medicine. Certain individuals need them to survive. Each drug has a specific target inside the body where it interacts. How do pharmaceuticals reach their destinations? There are various methods of drug delivery; depending on the type of injury or malady and the patient, the type of administration is determined. The first type of administration is oral administration where it is taken by mouth through the digestive tract by pill or liquid form. The benefits of this method are ease of application, slow release of drugs, and drugs can be protected from harmful digestive enzymes. Patients prefer this method and it can be easily done at any time except when a person cannot swallow or is vomiting profusely. If the drug needs to be long lasting, this is a viable option. The cons of this method are the slow adsorption of drug into the bloodstream and unpredictable adsorption due to degradation. If a patient needs something immediately, this would not be a desired method. Some common examples of oral medication include Advil, Tylenol, cough syrup, painkillers, and some steroids. The second type of administration is injection. Injection encompasses three types of methods that require some type of needle inserted into the skin, muscle or vein. For intravenous, the drugs are infused directly into the vein. The advantages are the entire dosage reaches the bloodstream immediately and it has dependable and reproducible effects. For this method, there is no need to worry about adsorption. However, it is more labor intensive, expensive, requires a cannula (IV line), more prone to infections and it is distressing to patients. IV lines can be placed in any vein with the most common places being the hand, wrist, and arm. As veins blow out, other veins in the body must be used including legs, feet, chest, and neck. Common medications that utilize intravenous administration are blood transfusions, saline (for dehydration), and Propofal (sleeping drug). Anesthesia medications can be given this way for surgeries. For intramuscular administration, the drugs are injected into the muscle of the body. For subcutaneous delivery, it is an injection into the cutis layer of the skin. The cutis layer is the two outer layers of the skin, epidermis and dermis. For both subcutaneous and intramuscular, the advantages are good adsorption especially for those drugs with low oral bioavailability, rapid effects and long duration. The disadvantages of this method are injections are painful and leave bruises, adsorption can be unpredictable, and needle phobics have issues with these methods. Some common medications with subcutaneous or intramuscular delivery are insulin (diabetes), morphine, vaccines (Gardasil, Hepatitis A, rabies, influenza), penicillin, Diazepam (Valium). Diabetes is a disease where either the body does not produce insulin at all or the body does not properly respond to insulin. Insulin regulates the amount of sugar in the bloodstream. Therefore, people with diabetes who do not produce insulin at all require insulin injections daily to properly monitor their levels. Early on, only shots of insulin were available, but now insulin pumps can be used instead which inserts a small tube into the skin and releases insulin over days as indicated by the user. Flu vaccinations are intramuscular injections. When a nurse inserts a needle into the body, they pull the syringe back to determine that they did not hit a vein or artery to ensure proper delivery into the muscle. If the vaccine is injected into the wrong area, it could have a different affect inside the body. Version: August

4 The third type of administration is topical where the drug is delivered directly to the desired site. This method is easy, non-invasive and has high patient satisfaction. However, it is difficult to control the dosage to the slow adsorption and many drugs cannot be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes due to low lipid solubility and high molecular weight. There are several types of common medications that use topical administration including skin ointments and creams for poison ivy or rashes, eye drops, ear drops, and some patch types of birth controls. The fourth type of administration is inhalation where medications are taken into the bloodstream via the lungs and respiratory system. The delivery method has rapid adsorption due the large surface area of the lungs and is the fastest route for drug delivery to the brain. The cons of this method are the proper technique of the inhaler is necessary for correct dosage, has an unpleasant taste or irritates the mouth, and the size of the drug in questions determines its bioavailability as an inhalation medication. Large sized molecules cannot pass through the membranes in the lungs into the bloodstream. Common medications include adrenocorticoid steroids (e.g., beclomethasone), bronchodilators (e.g., isoproterenol, metaproterenol, albuterol), and antiallergics (e.g.., cromolyn). The final type of administration is a suppository, which utilizes the rectum, vagina or urethra to deliver medications. There is good adsorption due to hemorrhoidal vein draining directly to inferior vein cava. This method cannot be used after rectal or anal surgery and it can be uncomfortable for patients causing many to dislike it. However, this is usually the route used when a patient cannot take oral medication due to vomiting. Some common medications include laxatives, Diclofenac (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug), and treatment of hemorrhoids. When designing new pharmaceuticals, many things need to be taken into consideration. The toxicity of the drug must be examined. A drug can have the desired effect to eliminate bacteria from the body, but you do not want the drug to kill the good cells in your body. For example, in chemotherapy, the body is exposed to radiation to destroy the mutated cells in the body, but it also has large side effects on the good cells in the body causing hair loss among other things. The medications are toxic, but they have more of an effect on the desired cells causing it to be a useful therapy. The efficacy of the pharmaceutical must be determined. If a drug is highly efficacious, 100 percent inhibition or eradication from the body can be achieved. The size of the drug plays a major role in whether or not it can be utilized with certain methods of administration. If the drug is too large, it may not be able to pass through certain membranes in the body or be absorbed and unable to reach its destination. The solubility or bioavailability needs to be taken into account. For a drug to be useful, it needs to be soluble in the environment where it is supposed to function. Different areas of the body have various phs and while something may dissolve in one area, it may not in another. The duration of drug release is another factor that engineers and doctors must consider. Depending on the malady, it may require a short duration or long duration of release. The circulatory system of the body transports drugs to different areas of the body. Depending on the area of the body, it has a specific ph. The stomach has a ph range of The duodenum, or the first section of the small intestine, has a ph 6. The small intestine starts with a ph 6 and increases to ph 7.4. The large intestine has a lower ph of 5.7. The rectum has a slightly acidic ph 6.7. The bloodstream has a neutral ph range of All of these ph values determine the solubility/bioavailability of the drug molecules. High molecular weight drugs are difficult to administer. For high molecular weight drugs, polymers are used to encapsulate them to be able to deliver them throughout the body. Version: August

5 Depending on the polymer, the rate of diffusion of the drug out of the shell can be controlled. The polymer shell can have pores with different sizes that determine the rate of diffusion. On the encapsulation, there can be polymer chains attached that act as lock and key receptors. Using a lock and key receptor, the area where a drug is released can be controlled. For some types of polymer encapsulation, the polymer degrades to release drug. One problem that can occur is the degradation of one area more than another, leading to rapid drug release that can be a toxic overdose. Most drugs are crystals. Some drugs are very efficacious, but they have poor solution properties. To improve the properties of a drug molecule and retain the efficacy of the molecule, cocrystals are produced. Cocrystals are crystals composed of two or more different molecules, ions or atoms in a specific stoichiometric ratio. Cocrystals alter the solution properties of a drug molecule using improving the solubility yet it still has a high efficacy. New drug delivery devices are being designed every day. Inspiration for new devices can come from other engineering areas such as computer chips. In third world countries, birth control is difficult to continually take. It would be better for an implant to be inserted that could be used for multiple years. A new technology is a chip like device with thousands of wells filled with pharmaceuticals. The coverings of the wells degrade when a small electrical current is directed to the well. The chip can be inserted underneath the skin and be utilized for months to years. The chip would also have the capability to be turned off to enable the user to stop birth control at any time. There are problems with certain medical devices. They can have blood surface interactions causing infections, blood clotting, antibiotic resistance leading to device failure. To combat this, artificial surfaces are designed to negate these interactions. One method is a drug-eluting surface where the surface releases the drug over time. In a drug-eluding surface, the drug can be made catalytically. For example, metal organic frameworks, which are compounds consisting of metal ions coordinated to organic molecules creating one, two or three dimensional structures that can be porous, can be used to make nitric oxide. Nitric oxide is used to help neurotransmission for chronic wound treatments. These metal organic frameworks have the capability of lasting for between 2-12 weeks with sustained nitric oxide release. There are endless possibilities for future drug delivery systems. Future research will help determine which ones will be implemented sooner rather than later. Image Insert Image # or Figure # here [use Figure # if referenced in text] Figure 1 Image file: administration.jpeg ADA Description: Pictures of three types of drugs with different administrations methods. Source/Rights: Copyright Version: pg, August Caption: Figure 1: Drugs need to be administered in different ways depending on the malady of the patient. Pills can be taken orally, shots can be injected or even lotions can be applied to help remedy the problems.

6 Vocabulary / Definitions Word Definition administration The method of delivery of a drug or pharmaceutical into the human body. bioavailability How a drug interacts with the body. If a drug has good bioavailability, its natural properties allow it to be used readily. cocrystal A crystal comprised of two or more components, such as ions, molecules, or atoms, in a specific stoichiometric ratio. crystal A solid material that consists of an ordered pattern in all directions. diffusion Movement of molecules in a random fashion to create an evenly concentrated environment. drug delivery Methods of transporting pharmaceuticals to their desired locations in the body. duration Length of time of drug release. efficacy How much the drug is able to inhibit. If it can cause 100% inhibition, it has a high efficacy. encapsulation A shell like method of coating drug molecules to enable release at specific times using diffusion. inhalation Method of drug administration using the lungs to transfer into the bloodstream. Method of drug administration encompassing three types: intramuscular, injection intravenous, and subcutaneous. All of these methods require some type of needle to push the drug into the bloodstream, skin or muscle. intramuscular Method of drug administration using an injection directly into the muscle. intravenous Method of drug administration using an infusion directly into the bloodstream. oral Method of drug administration using the digestive tract for adsorption into the bloodstream. polymer Large macromolecule that is composed of repeating subunits. solubility The maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved into a solvent. subcutaneous Method of drug administration using an injection into the cutis layer of the skin. suppository Method of drug administration using the rectum to absorb pharmaceuticals. topical Method of drug administration directly to the affected site, such as lotion on the skin or eye drops. toxicity The degree of harmfulness of a molecule to humans. Associated Activities There Will Be Drugs students utilize the design process to make a shell encapsulation for a drug Lesson Closure Pharmaceuticals have evolved throughout the years from simple herbal infusions in teas and pastes made by apothecaries to injections and implants. For the future, new pharmaceuticals, devices and methods of drug delivery will be invented to combine with current methods. Assessment Pre-Lesson Assessment Version: August

7 Descriptive Title: Discussion Question at the beginning of the Powerpoint: You are a doctor/pa/np. Your patient has a condition, which requires her to keep constant levels of a medication in her body. However, she is unable to swallow. What are some other methods of administering a drug to her? Remember that she will be taking this at least twice a day for the rest of her life and to ensure patient compliance, the drug delivery method must be as simple as possible. Post-Introduction Assessment Descriptive Title: Drug Delivery Worksheet (allow students to complete this as the powerpoint is being given) Lesson Summary Assessment Descriptive Title: Pharmaceutical Research Worksheet (IPads/ChromeBooks will be necessary for this worksheet) Lesson Extension Activities None Additional Multimedia Support Dr. Langer Biomaterials for Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering - (really interesting information and video from time 22:14 to 25:55) Long Duration Drug Delivery - Cancer Cell Drug Delivery - Possible New Drug Delivery Method - Dr. Langer Present and Future Drug Delivery - References None Attachments Get In My Body (ppt) Get In My Body (pdf) Get In My Body (key) Drug Delivery Worksheet (doc) Drug Delivery Worksheet (pdf) Drug Delivery Worksheet Answer Key (doc) Drug Delivery Worksheet Answer Key (pdf) Pharmaceutical Research Worksheet (doc) Pharmaceutical Research Worksheet (pdf) Other None Redirect URL None Contributors Megan Ketchum, Andrea Lee Supporting Program National Science Foundation GK-12 and Research Experience for Teachers (RET) Programs, University of Houston Version: August

8 Acknowledgements This digital library content was developed by the University of Houston's College of Engineering under National Science Foundation GK-12 grant number DGE However, these contents do not necessarily represent the policies of the NSF and you should not assume endorsement by the federal government. Classroom Testing Information This lesson was taught on February 19, 2015 in Ms. Andrea Lee s two anatomy classes at Friendswood High School in Friendswood, TX. (1 st and 2 nd days of 7 day lesson and activity) Version: August

9 Text Get In My Body Drug Delivery

10 Challenge Question You are a doctor/pa/np. Your patient has a condition which requires her to keep constant levels of a medication in her body. However, she is unable to swallow. What are some other methods of administering a drug to her? Remember that she will be taking this at least twice a day for the rest of her life and to ensure patient compliance, the drug delivery method must be as simple as possible.

11 Oral Administration Taken by mouth through digestive tract in liquid or pills form Advantages Easy, preferred by patients Slow release of drugs; can extend the duration of action Drugs can be protected from harmful digestive tract enzymes, acids, etc. Disadvantages Drugs are absorbed slowly Patients cannot take them if vomiting profusely Unpredictable adsorption due to stomach acid and enzyme degrading them Common drugs: Advil, Tylenol, Cough syrup, painkillers, steroids

12 Injection Encompasses three types: intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous Intravenous: infusion directly into the vein Intramuscular: injection directly into muscle Subcutaneous: injection into the cutis layer of the skin

13 Intravenous Intravenous: infusion directly into the vein Advantages: dependable and reproducible effects, entire administered dose reaches circulation system immediately Disadvantages: need to have a cannula (IV line), more labor intensive and expensive, more prone to infections, distressing to patients (children) Common drugs: blood transfusions, saline (for dehydration), Propofal (sleeping drug)

14 Intramuscular & Subcutaneous Intramuscular: injection directly into muscle Subcutaneous: injection into the cutis layer of the skin Advantages: good adsorption (especially for those that have poor oral bioavailability), effects are more rapid, can have long duration of activity Disadvantages: adsorption can be unpredictable, injections can be painful and leave bruises, needle phobics have issues using this method Common drugs: insulin (diabetes), morphine, vaccines (Gardasil, Hepatitis A, rabies, influenza), penicillin, Diazepam (Valium)

15 Topical Delivery of drugs directly to the site Advantages Easy, non-invasive High patient satisfaction Disadvantages Very slow adsorption, difficult to control dosage Most drugs have a high molecular weight and low lipid solubility, causing them to not be adsorbed via skin or mucous membranes Common drugs: skin ointments & creams (rashes/poison ivy), eye drops, ear drops (infections), birth control

16 Inhalation Medications taken into the blood stream via the lungs Advantages Rapid adsorption due to high surface area Fastest way to deliver medication to brain Disadvantages Proper technique with an inhaler is necessary for proper dosage Unpleasant taste or irritate mouth Bioavailability of drug depends on the size Common drugs: adrenocorticoid steroids (e.g., beclomethasone), bronchodilators (e.g., isoproterenol, metaproterenol, albuterol), and antiallergics (e.g.., cromolyn)

17 Suppository Drug delivery via rectum, vagina, or urethra Advantages Good adsorption due to hemorrhoidal vein draining directly to inferior vein cava Disadvantages Cannot be used after anal or rectal surgery Some patients dislike this method or find it uncomfortable Common drugs: laxatives, Diclofenac (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug), treatment of hemorrhoids

18 Design Considerations Toxicity Efficacy Drug Size Solubility/bioavailability Duration of drug release

19 Circulatory System Circulatory system transports drugs to the organs of the body Different areas of the body have different phs which affect bioavailabilty/solubility Stomach: ph Duodenum: ph 6 Small intestine: ph 6 increasing to 7.4 Large intestine: ph 5.7 Rectum: ph 6.7 Blood: ph

20 Polymers Polymers are used to encapsulate high molecular weight drug molecules Depending on the polymer, the rate of diffusion through the shell can be controlled Polymer chains attached can act as a specific lock and key receptor With a lock and key receptor, where the drug is released can be controlled One problem with this is the possibility of rapid drug release if certain regions degrade faster than others causing toxic overdose of a pharmaceutical

21 Cocrystallization Most drugs are actually crystals However, the properties of certain drugs cause them to not be bioavailable To alter the properties of a drug while still maintaining the efficacy, cocrystals are made A cocrystal is a crystal composed of two or more components (ions, atoms or molecules) in a definite stoichiometric ratio

22 New Devices Computer chips can provide inspiration for new pharmaceutical technology Biocompatible chip devices were made with wells filled with certain drugs The wells were covered with a biodegradable metal covering which is removed when an electric charge is applied Drugs can be released from each well individually at specific desired times These devices are implanted into patients and can be left there for months Example: Birth control

23 Problems with Devices Medical Devices have blood surface interactions Can cause infections, blood clotting, and antibiotic resistance leading to device failure Develop artificial surface for negating these interactions One method is a drug eluting surface

24 Metal Organic Frameworks (MOF) Drug eluting surface - the drug is released over time by the surface of the device Drugs can be made catalytically by the surface MOF - compounds consisting of metal ions coordinated to organic molecules creating one, two or three dimensional structures that can be porous Nitric oxide - help neurotransmission for chronic wound treatments MOFs have the capability of lasting for between 2-12 weeks with sustained nitric oxide release

25 Text Get In My Body Drug Delivery

26 Challenge Question You are a doctor/pa/np. Your patient has a condition which requires her to keep constant levels of a medication in her body. However, she is unable to swallow. What are some other methods of administering a drug to her? Remember that she will be taking this at least twice a day for the rest of her life and to ensure patient compliance, the drug delivery method must be as simple as possible.

27 Oral Administration Taken by mouth through digestive tract in liquid or pills form Advantages Easy, preferred by patients Slow release of drugs; can extend the duration of action Drugs can be protected from harmful digestive tract enzymes, acids, etc. Disadvantages Drugs are absorbed slowly Patients cannot take them if vomiting profusely Unpredictable adsorption due to stomach acid and enzyme degrading them Common drugs: Advil, Tylenol, Cough syrup, painkillers, steroids

28 Injection Encompasses three types: intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous Intravenous: infusion directly into the vein Intramuscular: injection directly into muscle Subcutaneous: injection into the cutis layer of the skin

29 Intravenous Intravenous: infusion directly into the vein Advantages: dependable and reproducible effects, entire administered dose reaches circulation system immediately Disadvantages: need to have a cannula (IV line), more labor intensive and expensive, more prone to infections, distressing to patients (children) Common drugs: blood transfusions, saline (for dehydration), Propofal (sleeping drug)

30 Intramuscular & Subcutaneous Intramuscular: injection directly into muscle Subcutaneous: injection into the cutis layer of the skin Advantages: good adsorption (especially for those that have poor oral bioavailability), effects are more rapid, can have long duration of activity Disadvantages: adsorption can be unpredictable, injections can be painful and leave bruises, needle phobics have issues using this method Common drugs: insulin (diabetes), morphine, vaccines (Gardasil, Hepatitis A, rabies, influenza), penicillin, Diazepam (Valium)

31 Topical Delivery of drugs directly to the site Advantages Easy, non-invasive High patient satisfaction Disadvantages Very slow adsorption, difficult to control dosage Most drugs have a high molecular weight and low lipid solubility, causing them to not be adsorbed via skin or mucous membranes Common drugs: skin ointments & creams (rashes/poison ivy), eye drops, ear drops (infections), birth control

32 Inhalation Medications taken into the blood stream via the lungs Advantages Rapid adsorption due to high surface area Fastest way to deliver medication to brain Disadvantages Proper technique with an inhaler is necessary for proper dosage Unpleasant taste or irritate mouth Bioavailability of drug depends on the size Common drugs: adrenocorticoid steroids (e.g., beclomethasone), bronchodilators (e.g., isoproterenol, metaproterenol, albuterol), and antiallergics (e.g.., cromolyn)

33 Suppository Drug delivery via rectum, vagina, or urethra Advantages Good adsorption due to hemorrhoidal vein draining directly to inferior vein cava Disadvantages Cannot be used after anal or rectal surgery Some patients dislike this method or find it uncomfortable Common drugs: laxatives, Diclofenac (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug), treatment of hemorrhoids

34 Design Considerations Toxicity Efficacy Drug Size Solubility/bioavailability Duration of drug release

35 Circulatory System Circulatory system transports drugs to the organs of the body Different areas of the body have different phs which affect bioavailabilty/solubility Stomach: ph Duodenum: ph 6 Small intestine: ph 6 increasing to 7.4 Large intestine: ph 5.7 Rectum: ph 6.7 Blood: ph

36 Polymers Polymers are used to encapsulate high molecular weight drug molecules Depending on the polymer, the rate of diffusion through the shell can be controlled Polymer chains attached can act as a specific lock and key receptor With a lock and key receptor, where the drug is released can be controlled One problem with this is the possibility of rapid drug release if certain regions degrade faster than others causing toxic overdose of a pharmaceutical

37 Cocrystallization Most drugs are actually crystals However, the properties of certain drugs cause them to not be bioavailable To alter the properties of a drug while still maintaining the efficacy, cocrystals are made A cocrystal is a crystal composed of two or more components (ions, atoms or molecules) in a definite stoichiometric ratio

38 New Devices Computer chips can provide inspiration for new pharmaceutical technology Biocompatible chip devices were made with wells filled with certain drugs The wells were covered with a biodegradable metal covering which is removed when an electric charge is applied Drugs can be released from each well individually at specific desired times These devices are implanted into patients and can be left there for months Example: Birth control

39 Problems with Devices Medical Devices have blood surface interactions Can cause infections, blood clotting, and antibiotic resistance leading to device failure Develop artificial surface for negating these interactions One method is a drug eluting surface

40 Metal Organic Frameworks (MOF) Drug eluting surface - the drug is released over time by the surface of the device Drugs can be made catalytically by the surface MOF - compounds consisting of metal ions coordinated to organic molecules creating one, two or three dimensional structures that can be porous Nitric oxide - help neurotransmission for chronic wound treatments MOFs have the capability of lasting for between 2-12 weeks with sustained nitric oxide release

41 Drug Delivery Worksheet What are the five methods of drug administration? Which method encompasses three types of drug administration and what are they? Which type of drug administration has the highest percentage of drug proceed to the circulatory system? What are the five design considerations that engineers take into account when designing pharmaceuticals?

42 How do different phs in the body affect drug delivery? What is a benefit of using polymers for drug delivery? What was a potential hazard of using polymers in drug delivery? What is a cocrystal and why are they important in pharmaceuticals? Name the methods by which each of the following drugs is administered. Insulin: Laxative: Ibuprofen: Propofal: Eye Drops: Birth Control: Antiallergies: Rabies vaccine:

43 Drug Delivery Worksheet Answer Key What are the five methods of drug administration? Which method encompasses three types of drug administration and what are they? 1. Oral 2. Injection Intravenous, Intramuscular, and Subcutaneous 3. Topical 4. Inhalation 5. Suppository Which type of drug administration has the highest percentage of drug proceed to the circulatory system? Injection (Intravenous) What are the five design considerations that engineers take into account when designing pharmaceuticals? 1. Toxicity 2. Efficacy 3. Drug Size 4. Solubility/Bioavailability 5. Duration of Drug Release

44 How do different phs in the body affect drug delivery? At each ph, the solubility of drug varies. For a drug to be effective, it needs to be soluble. What is a benefit of using polymers for drug delivery? It enables high molecular weight drugs to be delivered to their proper targets with receptors. What was a potential hazard of using polymers in drug delivery? Can have rapid drug release if certain areas of the polymer degrade quicker than others. The rapid drug release can be toxic. What is a cocrystal and why are they important in pharmaceuticals? A crystal composed of two or more different ions, molecules, or atoms in definite stoichiometric ratio. They are used to improve the properties of the drug, such as solubility, while still maintaining its efficacy. Name the methods by which each of the following drugs is administered. Insulin: injection (subcutaneous) Laxative: oral, suppository Ibuprofen: oral Propofal: injection (intravenous) Eye Drops: topical Birth Control: oral, injection (subcutaneous), topical Antiallergies: oral, injection (subcutaneous), inhalation Rabies vaccine: injection (intramuscular)

45 Pharmaceutical Research Worksheet Research new drug delivery methods What are they? How do they work? How will considerations differ if a drug is taken orally vs. delivered another way? What issues are specific to different delivery methods? Pick a target organ and what are two possible drug delivery method(s) to it

46 Future drug delivery methods Can you think of a novel approach? How could nanotechnology improve the drug delivery process? Helpful Hint when searching: A professor at MIT is one of the greatest innovators in drug delivery and tissue engineering. He was the second person to win the Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering.