RESPONSE OF BIOFERTILIZER AND UREA ON GROWTH AND YIELD IN MUNGBEAN

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1 Legume Res., 36 (5) : , 2013 AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATION CENTRE / indianjournals.com RESPONSE OF BIOFERTILIZER AND UREA ON GROWTH AND YIELD IN MUNGBEAN M.M.A. Mondal, M.A. Malek*, M.A. Sattar, A.B. Puteh 1, M.Y. Rafii 2 and M.R. Ismail 2 Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture Mymensingh- 2202, Bangladesh Received: Accepted: ABSTRACT The effect of biofertilizer and urea on growth parameters, yield and yield attributes of two mungbean varieties was investigated. Application of biofertilizer and urea was more effective in promoting plant growth and yield attributes than sole application of biofertilizer or urea. Among the fertilizer combinations, biofertilizer with recommended TSP, MP, gypsum and one-third urea exhibited superiority in plant height, number of branches plant -1, leaf area plant -1, number of nodules plant -1, chlorophyll content in leaves, total dry mass plant -1, absolute growth rate, number of pods plant -1, harvest index and seed yield as compared to other fertilizer s. Therefore, biofertilizer with 13 kg urea ha -1 may be recommended for increasing seed yield of mungbean. Key words: Biofertilizer, Urea, Mungbean, Growth, Yield. INTRODUCTION Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.] Wilczek) is considered as the quality pulse in Bangladesh, although the yield is only 763 kg ha -1 (BBS, 2009). The major reasons for low yield are agronomic management especially i mproper fertilizer application as well as lack of resistant varieties. Nitrogen plays a key role in mungbean production. It affects the vegetative growth, pod formation and ultimately seed yield. The important role of nitrogenous fertilizer in increasing mungbean yield has been widely recognized (Asad et al., 2004). The seed yield can be enhanced by proper utilization of nitrogen fertilizer (H ayat et al., 2004). The environmentally risky chemical fertilizers cause problem for mungbean production in developing countries including Bangladesh. These problems are likely to become serious in future. Biological nitrogen fixation resulting from symbiosis between legume crops and root nodule bacterium Bradyrhizobium can ameliorate these problems by reducing the chemical N-fertilizer required to ensure productivity (Hayat et al., 2004; Khanum and Bhuiyan, 2007). Bradyrhizobium inoculation increase mungbean seed yield from 15 to 45% (BINA, 2008; Bhuiyan et al., 2008). Bhuiyan et al. (2007) also reported that Rhizobium inoculation significantly increase root nodules, plant height, total biomass, number of pods plant -1 and seed yield in pulses. In Bangladesh, few studies have been conducted on the effects of biofertilizer along with urea on mungbean. The present investigation was, therefore, undertaken to assess the effects of biofertilizer along with different levels of nitrogenous fertilizer on growth and yield of mungbean. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiment was carried out at the field laboratory of Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA), Mymensingh ( N and E), Bangladesh during February to June The soil of the experiment was sandy loam having 0.06% nitrogen, 1.05% organic matter, 18.5 ppm available phosphorus, 0.28 meq% exchangeable potassium, 18 ppm sulphur and ph 6.8. The experiment comprised of four fertilizer combinations viz., No biofertilizer and urea ( ), Biofertilizer only ( ), Biofertilizer with one-third urea *Corresponding author s malekbina@gmail.com. 1 Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysi. 2 Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

2 (13 kg urea ha -1 ) of recommended dose ( ), Recommended dose of urea (40 kg urea ha -1 ) only ( ) and two varieties viz., Binamoog-5 (V 1 ) and Binamoog-6 (V 2 ). The recommended doses of TSP, MP and gypsum were applied in each plot. Total amount of urea (as per ), TSP, MP and gypsum were applied at basal doses during final land preparation. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design with three replications. The size of the unit plot was 7.5 m 2 (2.5 m 3.0 m). The plots were fertilized as per the designed s. All the fertilizers were incorporated into the soil before sowing of seeds. In case of biofertilizer, seeds of mungbean varieties were inoculated with Rhizobium inoculants just before sowing. The seeds were kept in polythene bags and mixed with molasses for adhering to the biofertilizer. The biofertilizer was then mixed thoroughly with the seeds and the seeds were placed in a cool dry place to avoid sticking. Then the seeds were dried in shade and sown in furrows and furrows were covered with soils soon after seeding. The line to line and plant to plant distances were maintained at 30 and 10 cm, respectively. Growth parameters were taken at reproductive stage (flowering at 35 days after sowing, DAS) and at fruiting stage (50 DAS). Five plants from each plot were randomly selected and uprooted for data of necessary parameters. The plants were separated into leaves, stems and roots and the corresponding dry weights were recorded after drying in oven at 80 ± 2 0 C for 72 hours. The leaf area of each sample was measured by LICOR automatic leaf area meter (LI 2000 USA). The growth analyses like absolute growth rate (AGR) and relative growth rate (RGR) were carried out by the method as described by Hunt (1978). Nodules were counted at 50 DAS. Chlorophyll was determined at 50 DAS following the method of Yoshida et al. (1976). Other morphological and yield attributes were recorded at harvest. Pods were harvested three times. Harvests were completed by 28 May The seed weights were taken for individual plot at moisture content of about 12% and converted into kg ha -1. Harvest index (HI) was calculated by dividing economic yield to biological yield of plot by multiplying with 100 and expressed in percentage. All data were analyzed statistically as per the used design following the Vol. 36, No. 5, analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique and the mean differences were calculated with Duncan s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) using the statistical computer package program, MSTAT-C (Russell, 1986). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Effect on morphological characters, chlorophyll content and growth parameters: The effects of different fertilizer combinations on morphological characters like plant height, number of branches and nodules plant -1 and LA plant -1, chlorophyll content and growth parameters like total dry mass (TDM) plant -1, AGR and RGR were significant (Table 1). The application of biofertilizer and urea alone or in combination had positive effects on plant growth and development compared to control in mungbean but the effect was more pronounced in combined application of urea and biofertilizer than single application. Highest plant height, branches plant -1 and nodules number plant -1, LA and chlorophyll were recorded in followed by (no urea application). However, there was no significant difference in these parameters between and s. Results also revealed that the growth parameters were greater in biofertilizer and urea ( ) than control plants (Table I). However, i. e., biofertilizer with onethird urea (13 kg urea ha -1 ) showed the highest TDM and AGR. These results indicate that application of biofertilizer with urea performed better in growth and development than single application of biofertilizer or urea. Single application of biofertilizer as well as urea showed similarity in plant growth attributes. These results are in conformity with Khanum and Bhuiyan (2007) who reported that application of biofertilizer as well as urea enhanced plant growth and development in mungbean. Inoculants fix atmospheric nitrogen and stimulate plant growth through synthesis of plant promoting substances especially gibberalic acid (GA). Asad et al. (2004) studied GA and indole acetic acid (IAA) in inoculated and uninoculated plants of mungbean and found higher GA and IAA in biofertilizer applied plants as compared to control plants. Similar phenomenon has occurred here and resulted in increased plant growth in biofertilizer applied plants than control plants.

3 450 LEGUME RESEARCH TABLE 1: Effect of different fertilizer combination and variety on morphological characters, chlorophyll content and growth parameters in leaves in mungbean. Fertilizers Effect on yield attributes: Applicati on of biofertilizer and urea in combination or alone had no significant effect on yield attributes (Table 2). Though 1000-seed weight was significantly influenced by biofertilizer and urea application but it was not greatly influenced like number of pods plant -1. These results disagree with Anjum et al. (2006) and Uddin et al. (2009) who reported that pod and seed size of mungbean greatly influenced by fertilizer application including biofertilizer. Pod and seed size are mainly governed by gene and not by environment (Singh et al., 2008). Therefore, in TABLE 2: Effect of different fertilizer combination and variety on yield attributes in mungbean. Fertilizers combination Plant height (cm) 42.30c 47.85b 52.35a 47.45b Branche s plant c 1.43b 1.65a 1.39b L eaf area plant -1 (cm 2 ) 733 b 823 a 876 a 823 a Pods plant c b a b Nodule s plant d 17.65b 22.45a 15.20c Pod length (cm) Chlorophyll (mg g - 1 fw) 1.76 b 2.02 a 2.20 a 1.88 b F-test * * * * * * ** * Binamoog-5 Binamoog a 40.45b 1.86a 0.98b 942 a 686 b 21.40a 11.80b TDM plant -1 (g) at Flowerin g start stage 5.68 c b 8.85 a b present investigation, pod and seed size has not been influenced by fertilizer application. The highest number of pods plant -1 was recorded in the of biofertilizer with one-third urea (13 kg urea ha -1 ) followed by the of only biofertilizer application. However, there was no significant difference in pod number plant -1 between and s. In contrast, the lowest number of pods plant -1 was observed in control plants. These results are consistent with Prasad and Ram (1992) who reported that application of biofertilizer with urea increased pod production in mungbean. The Single pod weight (mg) Fr uiting stage 11.25c 14.21b 16.59a 14.02b Seeds pod AGR (mgp - RGR (mg g -1 d -1 ) plant 1 d -1 ) d -1 ) 558c 719ab 758a 703b 1000-seed weight (g) b ab a ab F-test * * NS NS NS * Binamoog-5 Binamoog a b b 770 a b a F-test * * * * * NS 1.50 CV (%) a 69.6a 62.2b 69.1a a b 16.51a 11.53b 863a 506b 74.9a 58.7b F-test * * * * * * ** NS * * ** * * * * CV (%) In a column, figures bearing same letter(s) do not differ significantly at p < 0.05 by DMRT; NS = Not significant; * and ** = Significance at 5% and 1% level of probability, respectively. TDM: Total dry mass; AGR: Absolute growth rate; RGR: Relative growth rate; : Control (No biofertilizer and no urea); : Biofertilizer only; : Biofertilizer with one-third urea of recommended dose; : Recommended dose of urea (40 kg urea ha -1 ) only. In a column, figures bearing same letter(s) do not differ significantly at p < 0.05 by DMRT; NS = Not significant; * and ** = Significant at 5% and 1% level of probability, respectively. : Control (No biofertilizer and no urea); : Biofertilizer only; : Biofertilizer with one-third urea of recommended dose : Recommended dose of urea (40 kg urea ha -1 ) only.

4 biofertilizer and urea applied plants ( ) might produced more assimilate than the other s and therefore produced higher pods and seed yield (Dutta et al., 1998). Effect on seed yield, BY and HI: The seed yield both plant -1 and hectare -1, BY plant -1 and HI of mungbean was significantly influenced by the application of biofertilizer and urea (Table 3). The seed yield, BY and HI was greater in biofertilizer and urea applied plants than control plants. The highest seed yield (10.7 g plant -1 and 1905 kg ha -1 ), BY (30.6 g plant -1 ) and HI (35.13%) was recorded in biofertilizer with one-third urea (13 kg urea ha -1 ) applied plants due to increased production of pods plant -1. Furthermore, the highest HI in indicating dry matter partitioning to economic yield was better when biofertilizer was applied with onethird urea (13 kg ha -1 ) of recommended dose (40 kg ha -1 ). The lowest seed yield was observed in control plants due to poor plant growth and development with inferior HI. Though yield performance of single application of biofertilizer and urea was similar but Fertilizers combination Vol. 36, No. 5, 2013 TABLE 3: Effect of different fertilizer combination and variety and their interaction on seed yield, BY and HI in mungbean. Seed weight plant -1 (g) 5.63 c 8.21 b 10.7 a 7.87 b BY (g plant -1 ) c b a b Seed yield (kg ha -1 ) 1018 c 1482 b 1905 a 1428 b HI (%) b ab a ab Binamoog-5 (V 1 ) Binamoog-6 (V 2 ) 9.11 a 7.09 b a b 1588 a 1328 b Interaction of variety and fertilizer combination V 1 V 1 V 1 V 1 V 2 V 2 V 2 V e 9.39 b 12.3 a 8.24 c 4.72 f 7.02 de 9.12 b 7.50 d d b a bc e d c d 1121 d 1647 b 2128 a 1455 c 914 e 1316 c 1682 b 1400 c b a b ab ab ab ab ab a ab CV (%) In a column, figures bearing same letter(s) do not differ significantly at p < 0.05 by DMRT; * and ** = Significant at 5% and 1% level of probability, respectively. BY: Biological yield; HI: Harvest index; : Control (No biofertilizer and no urea); : Biofertilizer only; : Biofertilizer with onethird urea of recommended dose; : Recommended dose of urea (40 kg urea ha -1 ) only; V 1 : Binamoog-5; V 2 : Binamoog urea is more costly than biofertilizers, even biofertilizer is eco-friendly. Therefore, biofertilizer can be used for mungbean cultivation as an alternative of urea for increasing seed yield as well as improving soil health. The variety, Binamoog-5 and Binamoog- 6 differed significantly with each other in their morphological, growth, yield attributes and yield except chlorophyll content in leaves and seeds pod -1 (Table 1 and 3). Differences in plant parameters between two varieties were under genetic control (Poehlman, 1991). However, the morphological and growth parameters, pod number and seed yield was higher in Binamoog-5 than Binamoog-6 while reverse trend was observed in case of chlorophyll content in leaves, pod and seed sizes and HI. The interaction effect of variety and different fertilizer combination on seed yield, BY and HI was significant (Table 3). In both varieties, seed yield and BY as well as HI were greater in (biofertilizer with one-third urea of recommended dose) than the other combinations but the magnitude was higher in Binamoog-5 (1.90 fold

5 452 LEGUME RESEARCH higher than control) than Binamoog-6 (1.84 times higher than control). It may be concluded that biofertilizer with one-third urea (13 kg urea ha -1 ) of recommended dose had superiority in plant growth, yield components and yield over other fertilizer combinations. Therefore, biofertilizers with 13 kg urea ha -1 may be recommended for increasing seed yield of mungbean in Bangladesh. REFERENCES Anjum, M.S., Ahmed, Z.I. and Rauf, C.A. (2006). Effect of Rhizobium inoculation and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield components of mungbean. Int. J. Agric. Biol., 8(2): Asad, S.A., Bano, A., Farooq, M., Aslam, M. and Afzal, A. (2004). Comparative study of the effects of biofertilizers on nodulation and yield characteristics of mungbean. Int. J. Agric. Biol., 6: BBS. (2009). Statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh. 29 th Edition. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS). Planning Division, Ministry of Planning, Govt. of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh, p.93. Bhuiyan, M.A.H., Mian, M.H. and Islam, M.S. (2008). Studies on the effect of Bradyrhizobium inoculation on yield and yield attributes of mungbean. Bangladesh J. Agric. Res., 33(3): Bhuiyan, M.A.H., Mian, M.H. and Islam, M.S. (2007). Effect of Bradyrhizobium inoculation on dry matter production and nitrogen uptake in mungbean. Bangladesh J. Agric. Environ., 3(2):7-16. BINA Introduction to Improved Agricultural Technologies Developed at BINA. Published by Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA). BAU campus, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, pp: Dutta, R.K., Mondal, M.M.A., Poddar, A.K. and Satter, M.A. (1998). Nitrate assimilation in peanut in relation to rhizobial strains and carbohydrate supply. Bangladesh J. Microbiol., 15(1): Hayat, R., Ali, S. and Khan, F.S. (2004). Effect of nitrogen and Rhizobium inoculation on yield, N-uptake and economics of mungbean. Int. J Agric. Biol., 6(3): Hunt, R. (1978). Plant Growth Analysis Studies in Biology. Edward Arnold Ltd., London, p.67. Khanum, D. and Bhuiyan, M.A.H. (2007). Advances in biofertilizer research on pulses in Bangladesh. Proceedings on pulses for nutritional secuirity and sustainable agriculture. National Workshop on Pulses held on July, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur-1701, pp: Poehlman, J.M. (1991). The Mungbean. Westview Press, 5500 Central Avenue, Boulder, Colorado 80301, p.225. Prasad, J. and Ram, H. (1992). Effect of zink, copper and Rhizobium inoculation on microbial population of soil and yield of green gram. Int. J. Tropical Agric., 10: Russell, D.F. (1986). MSTAT-C Pakage Programme. Crop and Soil Science Department, Michigan Univ, USA. Singh, S., Singh, K., Singh, I.P. and Singh, B.B. (2008). Correlation and path coefficient studies for yield and its components in mungbean. Legume Res., 32(3): Uddin, M.S., Amin, A.K.M.R., Uddin, M.J. and Asaduzzaman, M. (2009). Interaction effect of variety and different fertilizers on the growth and yield of summer mungbean. American-Eurasian J. Agron., 2: Yoshida, S., Forno, D.A., Cock J.A and Gomes, K.A. (1976). Laboratory Manual for Physiological Studies of Rice. 3rd ed., IRRI, Los Banos, Philippines.