Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and
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- Maximillian Holmes
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1 Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author.
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5 aimed at conservation of New Zealand s precious endangered wildlife. g the colourful squiggles that are DNA sequencing patterns. I don t think my eyes have recovered yet from this however I have mour, Yip, that is indeed a megaloschizont. Your expertise in all
6 feral vet moments, treasure. May we one day grow beards on Enderby while pursuing those PhD s.
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16 the most endangered of the world s 18 species of penguins and have been classified as. During the 1940 s, studies by
17 what Richdale observed. Population surveys on the South Island conducted since the 80 s are
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23 Harmful algal blooms or red tides pose a serious threat occurred in 2002, poisoning the penguins food supply
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25 arthropod vector is an integral part of the parasites life cycle. They will o
26 penguins ecology
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28 1). A population crash is a mass mortality event where more than 40% of
29 A bad season is effect through to the next season. Low survival years may have high adult and juvenile season may also show a population decrease. Poor breeding seasons have high adult survival with low breeding success (<0.8 chicks/nest). Although a poor breeding season may not have due to adult survival, several poor breeding seasons in a number of seasons of poor breeding success and low adult across all his study sites. The populations started to recover in the 1940 s and Richdale s is anecdotal. Since the early 80 s, the level of monitoring of There was a bad season during the 1985/86 breeding season at Otago peninsula
30 The Otago peninsula experienced a poor breeding season during the 1986/87 season with only 0.5 chicks produced per nest. The assigned cause There was a population crash on the Otago Peninsula during the 1989/90 breeding season significance of Graczyk s findings. good seasons following the 1990/91 mortality event
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32 based on Richdale s (1957) calculation that 60% of the total population are breeders. A
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34 1950 s and is only paralleled by the 1982/83 event
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37 Island (52 32ʹ24ʺS, 169 8ʹ42ʺE), 23% on the Auckland Island archipelago (50 42ʹ0ʺS, 166 5ʹ0ʺE), and 21% found on Stewart (47 00ʹ0ʺS, ʹ0ʺE) and Codfish (46 47ʹ0ʺ ʹ0ʺE) Islands on the South and Stewart Islands since the 1980 s, resulting in significant
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39 27 S E), which supports a population of n the Auckland Islands archipelago ( S, E) which Birds were also sampled on remote Campbell Island (52 33 S, E) which supports an
40 The remaining blood was stored in liquid nitrogen or Queen s lysis buffer while on site and 3μm and stained with haematoxylin and eosin for subsequent histopathological examination. Australia) following the manufacturer s instructions for blood or tissue respectively. All
41 alysis. A Fisher s exact test was
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48 Species 1 a P. relictum 0 2 L. majoris L. macleani L. schoutedeni L. danilewskyi L. fringillinarum YEP YEP YEP TL4B YEP YEP YEP YEP 3C L. spp. Tyto alba a The species are numbered as in Figure 5 in which the GenBank accession numbers of the lineages are given. Sequence divergence was calculated with the use of a Jukes- Cantor model of substitution. Names in bold identify isolates from this study. Shaded areas correspond to groups as shown in Figure 5; Group A = column 7-8, Group B = columns 10-15
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51 contribute to the different prevalence rates seen and can be part of an animal s non
52 juvenile s immune response
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54 and is one of the rarest of the world s 18 species of penguin. It is endemic to New Zealand and
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57 and samples were collected from the South Eastern Otago (45 86 S, E) and Catlins 27 S E) of the South Island of New Zealand, which supports a population of s and is part of the Auckland Islands archipelago ( S, E)
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61 ly 2 sides or lacking a roof.
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86 Dumbleton s (1963) findings where he reported Austrosimilium vexans on the Auckland island
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98 spp. Scale bars = 50μm, 100μm or 200μm as indicate
99 spp. Scale bars = 50μm, 100μm or 200μm as indicated.
100 DNA Qiagen DNeasy Blood and Tissue kit. (5 3 ) Forward NF1 5 -CATATATTAAGAGAAITATGGAG-3 ~600 Cytochrome b Reverse NR3 5 -ATAGAAAGATAAGAAATACCATTC-3 gene Forward FL 5 -ATGGTGTTTTAGATACTTACATT Reverse R2L 5 - CATTATCTGGATGAGATAATGGIGC- 3 Invitrogen Platinum Taq Polymerase (25μ Sterile distilled water 15.35ul 10x PCR buffer 2.55ul MgCl2 (50mM) 0.75ul dntps (10mM) 0.8ul 10 μm NF1 primer 1.5ul 10 μm NR3 primer 1.5ul Taq 0.1ul DNA 2.5ul (50μ Sterile distilled water 36.7ul 10x PCR buffer 5ul MgCl2 (50mM) 1.5ul dntps (10mM) μm FL primer 2ul 10 μm R2L primer 2ul Taq 0.2ul DNA 1ul from first round PCR Positive Negative Heam or any positive samples from Andrew Hill study Nuclease free water Hold 94 3 min 1 Denature sec Anneal sec 25 (1st round) Extension sec 40 (2 nd round) Hold min 1 4 hold Agarose gel 1.5% 480 MW marker 100 bp Hellogren, O., Waldenstrom, J., Bensch, S A new PCR assay for simultaneous studies of Leucocytozoon, Plasmodium, and Haemoproteus from avian blood. J. Parasitology 90(4):
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