BIOL 2457 CHAPTER 3 Part 2 SI What is the function of the histone proteins that are part of DNA structure?

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1 BIOL 2457 HPER 3 Part 2 SI 1 1. What is the function of the histone proteins that are part of DN structure? 2. In transcription, acts as a template for synthesis. fter helicase unzips DN, what enzyme adds RN bases to form the 3 types of RN? 3. What are the 3 types of RN, and what are their functions? trn has an that specifies a particular amino acid and pairs up with mrn codons. 4. In translation, information from is used to make a. 5. What are the four bases in RN? substitutes for during base pairing when making an RN strand from a DN strand. 6. is a start codon that specifies methionine. he stop codons,, or signal the end of a protein. ENEI ODE Figure from oogle Images 132e5720f3b a1aeb9d163ac 3/genetic_code.gif

2 BIOL 2457 HPER 3 Part 2 SI 2 7. Synthesis and Structure of a 5 mino cid Protein Fill in complementary DN template strand bases. Fill in mrn bases. Fill in mrn codons (rewrite bases in mrn column horizontally). Fill in trn anticodons. Use the enetic code on the previous page to figure out the amino acids coded for by mrn. DN mrn DN coding strand Double Helix DN template strand mrn mrn codons mrn protein trn anticodons mino acid 8. If both DN strands are read simultaneously, proteins are made. (the same or different) Why? 9. What are the two main parts of the cell cycle? 10. Name the 3 divisions of interphase and tell what happens during each one. 11. fter helicase unzips DN, what enzyme adds DN bases to form a new strand of DN?

3 BIOL 2457 HPER 3 Part 2 SI DN Replication Fill in complementary DN bases on the new DN strands. DN double helix DN Parent Strand DN Parent Strand DN helix unwound. New strands being replicated. DN Parent strand DN New strand DN New strand DN Parent strand 13. he new DN helix consists of a parent strand and a new strand. his is called replication. 14. Define mitosis. 15. Define cytokinesis. 16. List the phases of mitosis and explain what happens in each one.

4 BIOL 2457 HPER 3 Part 2 SI Explain the following mutations: Deletion Insertion Duplication ranslocation neuploidy 18. Define these cancer terms: in situ invasion metastasis dysplasia anaplasia

5 BIOL 2457 HPER 3 Part 2 SI 5 his figure comes from the 6 th edition of Martini s textbook chapter 4, page 141. his figure is not in the 7 th edition. he terms are identified in ch 4 on page 138 of the 7 th edition. DYSPLSI - reversible change in normal shape, size and organization of tissue cells he cilia of respiratory epithelial cells are damaged and paralyzed by exposure to cigarette smoke. hese changes cause the local buildup of mucus and reduce the effectiveness of the epithelium in protecting deeper, more delicate portions of the respiratory tract. MEPLSI reversible structural change that alters the character of a tissue he stressed respiratory surface converts to a stratified epithelium that protects underlying connective tissues, but does nothing for other areas of the respiratory tract. NPLSI irreversible change in size and shape of tissue cells he tissue cells become cancerous tumor cells.

6 BIOL 2457 HPER 3 Part 2 - nswers SI 6 1. help DN coil up into chromosomes 2. DN, mrn; RN polymerase 3. mrn takes information from DN; uses it to make proteins rrn makes ribosome subunits; zips mrn to trn trn takes amino acids in cytoplasm to mrn / anticodon 4. mrn; protein 5. adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil / uracil; thymine 6. U / U, U, U 7. DN coding strand DN emplate strand mrn mrn codons trn anticodons U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U mino acid Met Ser ly la Ser SOP End of protein 8. different proteins because the bases in the second (template) strand are different than the bases in the first (coding) strand. 9. interphase; mitotic phase (mitosis) cell growth; S synthesis (replication) of DN; 2 protein synthesis 11. DN polymerase 12. DN Parent NEW DN NEW DN DN Parent

7 BIOL 2457 HPER 3 Part 2 - nswers SI semiconservative 14. division of nucleus 15. division of cytoplasm to form two new cells 16. prophase centrioles move toward poles of cell (early); microtubules attached to centromeres of chromosomes (late) metaphase chromosomes line up on metaphase plate anaphase sister chromatids are pulled apart; cleavage furrow begins in late anaphase telophase cleavage furrow deepens as chromosomes are pulled further apart; at the end, cytokinesis divides the cell into two daughter cells 17. deletion loss of one or more nucleotides insertion addition of one or more nucleotides duplication repeat of part of chromosome translocation exchange of genetic material between nonhomologous chromosomes aneuploidy less than or more than the normal number of chromosomes 18. in situ cancer has not gone beyond the epithelium invasion spread of cancer cells from tumor into surrounding tissue metastasis spread of cancer cells to a distant location dysplasia precancerous; abnormal growth of cells that is reversible anaplasia cells revert to an immature or a less differentiated form; irreversible change in size and shape of tissues