Biomaterials. Third Edition

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1 Biomaterials Third Edition

2 Joon Park R.S. Lakes Biomaterials An Introduction Third Edition

3 Joon Park Biomedical and Mechanical Engineering University of Iowa Iowa City, IA USA R.S. Lakes Dept. Engineering Physics University of Wisconsin 1500 Engineering Drive Madison, WI USA ISBN e-isbn Library of Congress Control Number: Springer Science+Business Media, LLC All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper springer.com

4 PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION The field of biomaterials has grown tremendously since publication of the first edition in 1979 and the second edition in The purpose of this book is to provide for students a resource that includes current developments in the field. To that end, we have updated pertinent applications, incorporating the experience gained in clinical uses of materials. We have also introduced a chapter on tissue regeneration, emphasizing the use of materials as scaffolds to guide cell growth and differentiation in the new field of tissue engineering. We believe that a thorough knowledge of the basics is essential, and so we spend a great deal of time on the fundamentals of structure properties relationships. The basic premise of the present edition is the same as that of the earlier ones: to describe the fundamentals of natural and man-made biomaterials. Much research is presently being done on the tissue-engineering aspects of biomaterials in the attempt to enlist nature to replace diseased or missing body parts; the biological aspects of biomaterials are crucial to this new area of study. Here, again, one needs to first understand the fundamentals, that is, cell materials interactions, the effect of degradation of materials, and so on. This book is intended as a general introduction to the use of artificial materials in the human body for the purposes of aiding healing, correcting deformities, and restoring lost function. It is an outgrowth of an undergraduate course for senior students in biomedical engineering, and is offered as a text to be used in such courses. Topics include biocompatibility, techniques to minimize corrosion or other degradation of implant materials, the principles of materials science as it relates to the use of materials in the body, and specific uses of materials in various tissues and organs. It is expected that the student will have successively completed elementary courses in the mechanics of deformable bodies and in anatomy and physiology, and preferably also an introductory course in materials science prior to undertaking a course in biomaterials. Many quantitative examples are included as exercises for the student. We recognize that many of these involve unrealistic simplifications and are limited to simple mechanical or chemical aspects of the role of the implant. Many problems that may be used for midterm or final examinations are included in later chapters as a way of refreshing fundamentals learned in earlier chapters. We offer as an apology the fact that biomaterials engineering is still to a great extent an empirical discipline that is complicated by many unknowns associated with the human body. In recognition of that fact, we have endeavored to describe both the successes and failures in the use of materials in the human body. Many clinical statistics are included to illusare many photographs and illustrations of implants and devices as an aid to visualization. trate the more realistic aspects of the success rate of implants in living subjects. Also included Any errors of commission or omission that have remained in spite of our efforts at correction are our responsibility alone. We dedicate this book to Hyonsook (Danielle) Park and Diana Lakes for their patience and support during a lengthy undertaking. Joon B. Park Iowa City, Iowa Roderic S. Lakes Madison, Wisconsin v

5 CONTENTS Preface... v 1: Introduction 1.1. Definition of Biomaterials Performance of Biomaterials Brief Historical Background... 9 Problems Symbols/Definitions Bibliography : The Structure of Solids 2.1. Atomic Bonding Crystal Structure Imperfections in Crystalline Structures Long-Chain Molecular Compounds (Polymers) Supercooled and Network Solids Composite Material Structure Problems Symbols/Definitions Bibliography : Characterization of Materials I 3.1. Mechanical Properties Thermal Properties Phase Diagrams Strengthening by Heat Treatments Surface Properties and Adhesion Problems Symbols/Definitions Bibliography vii

6 viii CONTENTS 4: Characterization of Materials II: Electrical, Optical, X-Ray Absorption, Acoustic, Ultrasonic, etc Electrical Properties Optical Properties X-Ray Absorption Acoustic and Ultrasonic Properties Density and Porosity Diffusion Properties Problems Symbols/Definitions Bibliography : Metallic Implant Materials 5.1. Stainless Steels Co-Based Alloys Ti and Ti-Based Alloys Dental Metals Other Metals Corrosion of Metallic Implants Problems Symbols/Definitions Bibliography : Ceramic Implant Materials 6.1. Structure Property Relationship of Ceramics Aluminum Oxides (Alumina) Zirconium Oxides (Zirconia) Calcium Phosphate Glass-Ceramics Other Ceramics Carbons Deterioration of Ceramics Problems Definitions Bibliography : Polymeric Implant Materials 7.1. Polymerization and Properties Effect of Structural Modification and Temperature on Properties Polymeric Implant Materials High-Strength Thermoplastics Deterioration of Polymers Problems Definitions Bibliography

7 CONTENTS ix 8: Composites as Biomaterials 8.1. Structure Mechanics of Composites Applications of Composite Biomaterials Biocompatibility of Composite Biomaterials Problems Symbols/Definitions Bibliography : Structure Property Relationships of Biological Materials 9.1. Proteins Polysaccharides Structure Property Relationship of Tissues Problems Symbols / Definitions Bibliography : Tissue Response to Implants Normal Wound-Healing Process Body Response to Implants Blood Compatibility Carcinogenicity Problems Definitions Bibliography : Soft Tissue Replacement I: Sutures, Skin, and Maxillofacial Implants Sutures, Surgical Tapes, and Adhesives Percutaneous and Skin Implants Maxillofacial and Other Soft-Tissue Augmentation Problems Definitions Bibliography : Soft Tissue Replacement II: Blood Interfacing Implants Blood Substitutes and Access Catheters Cardiovascular Grafts and Stents Blood Vessel Implants Heart Valve Implants Heart and Lung Assist Devices Artificial Organs Problems Definitions Bibliography

8 x CONTENTS 13: Hard Tissue Replacement I: Long Bone Repair Wires, Pins, and Screws Fracture Plates Intramedullary Devices Acceleration of Bone Healing Problems Definitions Bibliography : Hard Tissue Replacement II: Joints and Teeth Joint Replacements Spinal Implants Dental Restorations and Implants Interface Problems in Orthopedic and Dental Implants Problems Definitions Bibliography : Transplants Overview Immunological Considerations Blood Transfusions Individual Organs Regeneration Ethical Considerations Problems Definitions Bibliography : Tissue Engineering Materials and Regeneration Overview Substrate Scaffold Materials Sterilization of Scaffolds Regeneration Stimulated Electrically Cellular Aspects, Viability, Stem Cells Bladder Regeneration Cartilage Regeneration Skin Regeneration Bone Regeneration Regeneration in the Cardiovascular System Summary Problems Symbols/Definitions Bibliography

9 CONTENTS xi Appendices Appendix I: Physical Constants and Conversions Appendix II: SI Units Appendix III: Common Prefixes Appendix IV: Properties of Selected Elements Appendix V: Properties of Selected Engineering Materials Name Index Subject Index