How advances in nutrigenomics are opening up opportunities for commercial delivery of personalised nutrition. Dr Yiannis Mavrommatis

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1 How advances in nutrigenomics are opening up opportunities for commercial delivery of personalised nutrition Dr Yiannis Mavrommatis

2 Outline Setting the scene (definitions, current knowledge) Where we are in terms of nutrition and genetics Where we want to be How to reach our destination

3 Outline Setting the scene (definitions, current knowledge) Where we are in terms of nutrition and genetics Where we want to be How to reach our destination

4 Our DNA

5 Our DNA.. simplified Deoxyribose - Nucleic Acid Sugar phosphate backbone 4 chemical nitrogenous bases (paired) NUCLEOTIDE = deoxyribose + phosphate + base

6 Our DNA.. simplified

7 Our DNA.. simplified

8 Humans share 50% of their DNA with: A. Dogs B. Horses C. Rats D. Goldfish E. Potatoes 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

9 Our DNA.. simplified

10 Our DNA.. simplified

11 SNP: Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Our DNA.. simplified

12 Our DNA.. simplified ~10 million SNPs. Most of them non-functional but some may have important effects on human health

13 Outline Setting the scene (definitions, current knowledge) Where we are in terms of nutrition and genetics Where we want to be How to reach our destination

14 Advances in genetics - sequencing

15 Advances in genetics-sequencing MinION

16 Advances in genetics-sequencing

17 *Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR-associated genes Advances in genetics DNA editing CRiSPR / CAS9*

18 Advances in genetics DNA editing CRiSPR / CAS9 Applications as a Genome-editing and Genome Targeting Tool Successfully used to target important genes in many cell lines and organisms, including human. Used to introduce single point mutations (deletions or insertions) in a particular target gene. An exciting development is the targeting of protein domains for transcriptional regulation, epigenetic modification and microscopic visualization of specific genome loci.

19 Advances in genetics DNA editing The future of CRISPR/Cas9 CRiSPR / CAS9 The rapid progress in developing Cas9 into a set of tools for cell and molecular biology research has been remarkable, likely due to the simplicity, high efficiency and versatility of the system. Of all systems currently available for precision genome engineering, the CRISPR/Cas system is by far the most user friendly and its usefulness will likely only be limited by our imagination.

20 Uses of genetics technologies in nutition Nutrigenomic services have three main components: 1. the genetic test 2. the assessment of disease susceptibility based on the test results 3. formulation of dietary recommendations.

21 Uses of genetics technologies

22 Uses of genetics technologies

23 Uses of genetics technologies

24 Would you be willing to undergo genetic testing for the purpose of personalised nutrition? A. Yes B. No C. I don t know 0% 0% 0% Yes No I don t know

25 Uses of genetics technologies 66 % of respondents indicated that they would be willing to undergo genetic testing. 27 % of respondents would do so for the purpose of following a diet for personalised nutrition. The UK population was found to be the most accepting of genetic testing for the purpose of personalised nutrition, with women slightly more willing to undergo testing than men. Stewart-Knox BJ, Bunting BP, Gilpin S, et al. (2008) Attitudes toward genetic testing and personalised nutrition in a representative sample of European consumers. Br J Nutr 101,

26 Outline Setting the scene (definitions, current knowledge) Where we are in terms of nutrition and genetics Where we want to be How to reach our destination

27 Uses of genetics technologies Population dietary advice Gene based individual dietary advice Clustered dietary advice Eileen R Gibney UCD Institute of Food and Health

28 Outline Setting the scene (definitions, current knowledge) Where we are in terms of nutrition and genetics Where we want to be How to reach our destination

29 Uses of genetics technologies There are few health care practitioners who can provide either genetic or nutritional counselling, let alone nutrigenomic counselling. A comprehensive review of health care professionals training needs in genetics and genomics states that although, medical schools continue to increase genetics content of the undergraduate curriculum, studies in the United States and the European Union alike show that current educational approaches do not prepare students to practise in a health-care environment that will be increasingly influenced by genetics and genomics Castle D, Ries NM. Ethical, legal and social issues in nutrigenomics: The challenges of regulating service delivery and building health professional capacity. Mutat Res 2007; 622(1-2):

30 Do you think that a course in Nutrition and Genetics would be useful as the science of genetics advances? A. Yes, it can be helpful for nutritionists and dietitians B. No, current training is adequate C. I don t know 0% 0% 0% Yes, it can be helpful for nutritionists and dietitians No, current training is adequate I don t know

31 Most popular news item in the world Are we ready? Not interesting Twitter trends on 21 st September 2016

32 How advances in nutrigenomics are opening up opportunities for commercial delivery of personalised nutrition Dr Yiannis Mavrommatis