ATAR Human Biology Units 3 & 4. Course Outline 2017

Transcription

1 ATAR Biology Units 3 & 4 Course Outline 2017 Student Name: Teacher: Mr Scott Hewson

2 General Overview Textbook, ATAR Units 3 & 4, 7 th Edition, TJ Newton and AP Joyce Week Term 1 Chapter 1 Science Inquiry Chapter 2 Chemical Messengers Chapter 3 Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses Chapter 4 Divisions of the Nervous System Chapter 5 The Central Nervous System Chapter 6 Detecting and Regulating Change Chapter 7 Homeostasis of Body Temperature and Fluids Assessment: Science Inquiry Task Chapter 8 Homeostasis of Blood Sugar Chapter 8 Homeostasis of Gas Concentrations Term 2 Chapter 9 Disruptions to Homeostasis Chapter 10 Protection Against Invaders Chapter 11 Specific Resistance to Infection Chapter 12 Mutations and Gene Pools Chapter 13 Techniques in Biotechnology Chapter 13 Techniques in Biotechnology Chapter 14 Evolutionary Mechanisms Exam Revision Semester 1 Exams Semester 1 Exams Term 3 Chapter 14 Evolutionary Mechanisms Chapter 15 Evidence for Evolution Chapter 16 Fossil Evidence for Evolution Chapter 17 Primate Evolution Chapter 18 Evolutionary Trends in Hominids Chapter 19 Ancestors Chapter 20 Cultural Evolution Exam Revision Semester 2 Exams Semester 2 Exams Term 4 Exam Revision Exam Revision Exam Revision ATAR Exams ATAR Exams

3 Assessment Outline Assessment Type Assessment Assessment Task Due Date Assessment Task Type Weighting Weighting Science Inquiry 10% 5% Term 1 Week 8 Task 3 Temperature Regulation (Investigation) 5% Term 2 Week 7 Task 7 Biotechnology (Practical) Extended Response 15% 5% Term 1 Week 3 Task 1 Treatment of Endocrine Dysfunction 5% Term 2 Week 1 Task 4 - Homeostasis 5% Term 3 Week 2 Task 9 Evidence for Evolution Topic Test 25% 6% Term 1 Week 6 Task 2 - Topic Test - Endocrine and Nervous System 7% Term 2 Week 3 Task 5 - Topic Test Response to Infection 6% Term 2 Week 5 Task 6 Topic Test Mutations and Gene Pools 6% Term 3 Week 6 Task 11 Topic Test Evolution Exam 50% 20% Semester 1 Exam Period Task 8 - Semester 1 Exam 30% Semester 2 Exam Period Task 12 Semester 2 Exam Total 100% 100%

4 Course Outline Term 1 Week Topics Syllabus Content References 1 SCIENCE INQUIRY identify, research and construct questions for investigation; propose hypotheses; and Types of Investigations predict possible outcomes Ch1 pg Observations design investigations, including the procedure(s) to be followed, the materials Controlled Experiments required, and the type and amount of primary and/or secondary data to be collected; Surveys conduct risk assessments; and consider research ethics, including animal ethics Ch1 pg Trial and Error conduct investigations, including the use of virtual or real biotechnological techniques Case Studies of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), gel electrophoresis for deoxyribonucleic acid Longitudinal Studies (DNA) sequencing, and techniques for relative and absolute dating, safely, Ch1 pg. 1-7 Scientific Method competently and methodically for valid and reliable collection of data Planning an Investigation represent data in meaningful and useful ways; organise and analyse data to identify Literature Review trends, patterns and relationships; discuss the ways in which measurement error, Safety instrumental accuracy, the nature of the procedure and sample size may influence Ethics uncertainty and limitations in data; and select, synthesise and use evidence to make Controlling Variables and justify conclusions Repetition and Replication interpret a range of scientific and media texts, and evaluate models, processes, claims Validity and Reliability and conclusions by considering the quality of available evidence; and use reasoning to Analysing Results construct scientific arguments Quantifying Results select, use and/or construct appropriate representations, including phylogenetic trees, Errors and Limitations in Data to communicate conceptual understanding, solve problems and make predictions Secondary Data communicate to specific audiences, and for specific purposes, using appropriate language, nomenclature, genres and modes, including scientific reports Processing Data Probability Presentation of Data Referencing

5 Reporting Scientific Report Format Case Study: Louis Pasteur 2 CHEMICAL MESSENGERS Endocrine Glands Hormones Enzyme Amplification Hormone Clearance Control of Hormone Secretions The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland Anterior lobe Posterior lobe The Pineal Gland The Thyroid Gland The Parathyroid Glands The Thymus The Adrenal Glands Adrenal Cortex Adrenal Medulla The Pancreas The Gonads Other 3 NERVE CELLS AND NERVE IMPULSES Nerve Cells Types of Neurons o Functional Types o Structural Types Synapses Nerve Impulses Action Potential Transmission of the nerve impulse o Unmyelinated Fibres o Myelinated Fibres o Synapse Science as a Endeavour synthetic hormones may be developed to control or treat endocrine dysfunction, including diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, to improve the quality of life for individuals Science Understanding: Endocrine System the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, thymus, gonads, pineal and adrenal glands, are endocrine glands found in the human body hormones secreted from the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas and adrenal glands are involved in homeostasis by affecting specific target organs the secretions of the pituitary gland are controlled by the hypothalamus through transport of hormones, either via nerve cells or the vascular link between them hormones can be lipid-soluble and able to cross cell membranes to bind with and activate intracellular receptors or, water-soluble and able to bind with and activate receptors on cell membranes, and require secondary messengers to affect cell functioning select, use and/or construct appropriate representations, including phylogenetic trees, to communicate conceptual understanding, solve problems and make predictions Science Understanding: Nervous System the reflex arc comprises of specially structured neurons, including sensory, interneuron and motor neurons, to transmit information from the receptor to the effector to respond rapidly to stimuli transmission of nerve impulses is via electro-chemical changes that occur at the generation of the impulse, the propagation of the impulse along the nerve fibre, and the transfer of the impulse across the synapse Ch2 pg Ch2 pg Ch2 pg Ch3 pg Ch3 pg. 48 Ch3 pg

6 Effect of Chemicals on Nerve Transmission 4 DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Divisions of the Nervous System Central - Peripheral Afferent - Efferent Autonomic - Somatic Sympathetic - Parasympathetic The Autonomic Nervous System Fight-or-Flight Response Comparison of Hormonal and Nervous Coordination 5 THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Protection of the CNS Meninges Cerebro-spinal Fluid The Brain The Cerebrum o Structure o Function The Corpus Callosum The Cerebellum o Hypothalamus o Medulla Oblongata o Spinal Cord 6 DETECTING AND REGULATING CHANGE Receptors Thermoreceptors Osmoreceptors Science Understanding: Nervous System structure and function of the divisions of the nervous system can be observed and compared at different levels in detecting and responding to the changes in the internal and external environments including: o central-peripheral o afferent-efferent o autonomic -somatic o sympathetic-parasympathetic the nervous and endocrine systems work together to co-ordinate functions of all body systems, but differ in terms of: o speed of action o duration of action o nature and transmission of the message o specificity of message Science Understanding: Nervous System structure and function of the divisions of the nervous system can be observed and compared at different levels in detecting and responding to the changes in the internal and external environments including: o central-peripheral o afferent-efferent o autonomic -somatic o sympathetic-parasympathetic the parts of the central nervous system, including the brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata, hypothalamus, corpus callosum) and spinal cord, have specific roles in the co-ordination of body functions and are protected by the meninges and cerebro-spinal fluid select, use and/or construct appropriate representations, including phylogenetic trees, to communicate conceptual understanding, solve problems and make predictions Science Understanding: Nervous System Ch4 pg Ch4 pg. 58 Ch3 pg Ch5 pg Ch5 pg. 70 Ch3 pg Ch6 pg

7 Chemoreceptors Touch Receptors Pain Receptors Reflexes Learned Reflexes Homeostasis Tolerance Limits Feedback Systems Stimulus-Response and Feedback Positive Feedback 7-8 HOMEOSTASIS OF BODY TEMPERATURE AND BODY FLUIDS Thermoregulation Heat Production Temperature Receptors The Skin and Temperature Regulation Preventing Hyperthermia Preventing Hypothermia Control of Thermoregulation Temperature Tolerance Regulation of Body Fluids Body Fluids Fluid Balance Excretion The Kidneys Control of water loss by the Kidneys Regulating water intake Dehydration and Water Intoxication different receptors detect changes in the internal and external environments, including thermoreceptors, osmoreceptors, chemoreceptors and receptors for touch and pain Science Understanding: Homeostasis homeostatic processes involve nerves and hormones in maintaining the body s internal environment within tolerance limits through the control of metabolism and physiological and behavioural activities select, use and/or construct appropriate representations, including phylogenetic trees, to communicate conceptual understanding, solve problems and make predictions identify, research and construct questions for investigation; propose hypotheses; and predict possible outcomes design investigations, including the procedure(s) to be followed, the materials required, and the type and amount of primary and/or secondary data to be collected; conduct risk assessments; and consider research ethics, including animal ethics conduct investigations, including the use of virtual or real biotechnological techniques of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), gel electrophoresis for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)sequencing, and techniques for relative and absolute dating, safely, competently and methodically for valid and reliable collection of data Science Understanding: Endocrine System hormones secreted from the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas and adrenal glands are involved in homeostasis by affecting specific target organs Science Understanding: Nervous System different receptors detect changes in the internal and external environments, including thermoreceptors, osmoreceptors, chemoreceptors and receptors for touch and pain Science Understanding: Homeostasis homeostatic processes involve nerves and hormones in maintaining the body s internal environment within tolerance limits through the control of metabolism and physiological and behavioural activities thermoregulation occurs by the control of heat exchange and metabolic activity through physiological and behavioural mechanisms Ch6 pg. 83 Ch3 pg Ch7 pg Ch7 pg

8 body fluid concentrations are maintained by balancing water and salts via the skin, digestive system and the kidneys, which involve the actions of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone on the nephron, and the thirst reflex 9-10 HOMEOSTASIS OF BLOOD SUGAR AND GAS CONCENTRATIONS Regulation of Blood Sugar Role of the Liver Role of the Pancreas Role of the Adrenal Glands Blood Sugar Homeostasis Regulation of Gas Concentrations Control of Breathing o Oxygen Concentration o Carbon Dioxide Concentration o Hydrogen Ion Concentration o Voluntary Control of Breathing o Exercise and Breathing Heart Rate Regulation of Heart Rate Changes to Blood Flow during Exercise Behavioural Effect identify, research and construct questions for investigation; propose hypotheses; and predict possible outcomes design investigations, including the procedure(s) to be followed, the materials required, and the type and amount of primary and/or secondary data to be collected; conduct risk assessments; and consider research ethics, including animal ethics conduct investigations, including the use of virtual or real biotechnological techniques of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), gel electrophoresis for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)sequencing, and techniques for relative and absolute dating, safely, competently and methodically for valid and reliable collection of data communicate to specific audiences, and for specific purposes, using appropriate language, nomenclature, genres and modes, including scientific reports Science Understanding: Endocrine System the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, thymus, gonads, pineal and adrenal glands, are endocrine glands found in the human body Science Understanding: Nervous System the parts of the central nervous system, including the brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata, hypothalamus, corpus callosum) and spinal cord, have specific roles in the co-ordination of body functions and are protected by the meninges and cerebro-spinal fluid Science Understanding: Homeostasis homeostatic processes involve nerves and hormones in maintaining the body s internal environment within tolerance limits through the control of metabolism and physiological and behavioural activities blood sugar levels are maintained by controlling of sugar uptake, its storage and release by cells and use in metabolism; these processes involve the hormones of the pancreas and adrenal glands gas concentrations are controlled by balancing the intake of oxygen and the removal of carbon dioxide via the lungs, through the actions of the medulla oblongata and the autonomic nervous system Ch8 pg Ch8 pg. 116 Ch4 pg

9 Term 2 Week Topics Syllabus Content References 1 DISRUPTIONS TO HOMEOSTASIS identify, research and construct questions for investigation; propose hypotheses; and Hormonal Causes of Disruptions predict possible outcomes Diabetes design investigations, including the procedure(s) to be followed, the materials o Type 1 Diabetes required, and the type and amount of primary and/or secondary data to be collected; o Type 2 Diabetes conduct risk assessments; and consider research ethics, including animal ethics Thyroid Hormones interpret a range of scientific and media texts, and evaluate models, processes, claims o Hyperthyroidism and conclusions by considering the quality of available evidence; and use reasoning to o Hypothyroidism construct scientific arguments Treatment of Hormone Deficiencies using Synthetic Hormones Science as a Endeavour Diabetes synthetic hormones may be developed to control or treat endocrine dysfunction, Thyroid Deficiency including diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, to improve the Growth Hormone quality of life for individuals Behavioural Causes of Disruption Drugs Science Understanding: Homeostasis Excessive Activity homeostatic processes involve nerves and hormones in maintaining the body s internal Eating Habits environment within tolerance limits through the control of metabolism and Diseases that disrupt Homeostasis physiological and behavioural activities blood sugar levels are maintained by controlling of sugar uptake, its storage and release by cells and use in metabolism; these processes involve the hormones of the pancreas and adrenal glands Ch9 pg Ch9 pg PROTECTING AGAINST INVADERS Pathogens Bacteria Viruses Transmission of Pathogens Defences Against Disease Non-specific Defences identify, research and construct questions for investigation; propose hypotheses; and predict possible outcomes design investigations, including the procedure(s) to be followed, the materials required, and the type and amount of primary and/or secondary data to be collected; conduct risk assessments; and consider research ethics, including animal ethics conduct investigations, including the use of virtual or real biotechnological techniques of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), gel electrophoresis for deoxyribonucleic acid Ch10 pg Ch10 pg. 143

10 External Defences Protective Reflexes Internal Non-specific Defences o Inflammatory Response o Fever The Lymphatic System Helping Non-specific Defences Hygiene Mechanical Barriers 3 SPECIFIC RESISTANCE TO INFECTION Lymphocytes and Macrophages Specific Defences The Immune Response Antigens Antibodies Antibody-mediated Immunity Cell-mediated Immunity Types of Immunity Vaccines Vaccine Delivery Vaccination of Populations Issues with the Use of Vaccines Risks Ethical Concerns o Testing of Vaccines (DNA)sequencing, and techniques for relative and absolute dating, safely, competently and methodically for valid and reliable collection of data Science Understanding: Infection infectious diseases caused by invasion of pathogens in the form of viruses and bacteria can be transmitted from one host to another transmission of pathogens occurs by various mechanisms, including through: o direct and indirect contact o transfer of body fluids o disease-specific vectors o contaminated food and water the body s external defence mechanisms against pathogens include features of the: o skin o digestive tract o urogenital tract o respiratory system o the ear o the eye pathogens that enter the body are targeted by non-specific immune responses of inflammation and fever communicate to specific audiences, and for specific purposes, using appropriate language, nomenclature, genres and modes, including scientific reports Science as a Endeavour the decision to participate in immunisation programs can be influenced by the social, economic and cultural context in which it is considered Science Understanding: Infection antiviral and antibiotic drugs are used for treating infections and differ in their specificity to pathogens passive immunity can be acquired as antibodies gained through the placenta, or antibody serum injections; active immunity can be acquired through natural exposure to the pathogen, or the use of vaccines immunity is gained through the exposure to specific antigens by the production of antibodies by B lymphocytes and the provision of cell-mediated immunity by T lymphocytes; in both cases memory cells are produced Ch5 pg Ch11 pg Ch11 pg Ch5 pg

11 o Participation Antibiotics Antivirals Decisions 4 MUTATIONS AND GENE POOLS Gene Pools Mutations Mutagens Somatic and Germline Mutations Effects of Mutations Gene Mutations Lethal Recessives Chromosomal Mutations 5-6 TECHNIQUES IN BIOTECHNOLOGY The Genome Biotechnology and DNA DNA Sequencing Profiling Techniques Polymerase Chain Reaction Recombinant DNA Technology Examples of Use o Insulin Science Understanding: Mutations mutations in genes and chromosomes can result from errors in DNA replication, cell division or from damage caused by mutagens different genotypes produce a variety of phenotypes, which are acted on differently by factors in the environment, producing different rates of survival mutations are the ultimate source of variation introducing new alleles into a population: new alleles may be favourable or unfavourable to survival Science Understanding: Gene Pools populations can be represented as gene pools that reflect the frequency of alleles of a particular gene; gene pools can be used to compare populations at different times or locations gene pools are dynamic, with changes in allele frequency caused by: o mutations o differing selection pressures o random genetic drift, including the founder effect o changes in gene flow between adjoining groups conduct investigations, including the use of virtual or real biotechnological techniques of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), gel electrophoresis for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)sequencing, and techniques for relative and absolute dating, safely, competently and methodically for valid and reliable collection of data Science as a Endeavour gene therapy can be used to treat a range of diseases, including diabetes mellitus hormones and vaccines are developed using recombinant DNA and associated biotechnological techniques Ch12 pg Ch12 pg Ch6 pg Ch13 pg Ch13 pg Ch7 pg

12 o Growth Hormone o Factor VIII o Vaccines Identification of Hereditary Diseases Gene Therapy Cell Replacement Therapy Tissue Engineering developments in biotechnology have increased access to genetic information of species, populations and individuals, existing now or in the past, the interpretation and use of which may be open to ethical considerations Science Understanding: Evolution biotechnological techniques provide evidence for evolution by using PCR (to amplify minute samples of DNA to testable amounts), bacterial enzymes and gel electrophoresis to facilitate DNA sequencing of genomes 7 EVOLUTIONARY MECHANISMS Changes to Allele Frequencies in Gene Pools Natural Selection Random Genetic Drift The Founder Effect Migration Barriers to Gene Flow Genetic Diseases The Theory of Evolution Natural Selection Examples of Natural Selection in s o Body Stature o Sickle Cell Anaemia Speciation represent data in meaningful and useful ways; organise and analyse data to identify trends, patterns and relationships; discuss the ways in which measurement error, instrumental accuracy, the nature of the procedure and sample size may influence uncertainty and limitations in data; and select, synthesise and use evidence to make and justify conclusions Science Understanding: Mutations different genotypes produce a variety of phenotypes, which are acted on differently by factors in the environment, producing different rates of survival Science Understanding: Gene Pools populations can be represented as gene pools that reflect the frequency of alleles of a particular gene; gene pools can be used to compare populations at different times or locations gene pools are dynamic, with changes in allele frequency caused by: o mutations o differing selection pressures o random genetic drift, including the founder effect o changes in gene flow between adjoining groups the incidence of genetic diseases in particular populations illustrates the effects of different factors on the dynamics of gene pools, including the incidence of Tay-Sachs disease, thalassemia and sickle-cell anaemia natural selection occurs when factors in the environment confer a selective advantage on specific phenotypes to enhance survival and reproduction the mechanisms underpinning the theory of evolution by natural selection include inherited variation, struggle for existence, isolation and differential selection, producing changes to gene pools to such an extent that speciation occurs Ch14 pg Ch14 pg Ch7 pg

13 8 EXAM REVISION 9 SEMESTER 1 EXAM 10 EXAM REVIEW Term 3 Week Topics Syllabus Content References 7 EVOLUTIONARY MECHANISMS cont. represent data in meaningful and useful ways; organise and analyse data to identify Changes to Allele Frequencies in Gene Pools trends, patterns and relationships; discuss the ways in which measurement error, Ch14 pg Natural Selection instrumental accuracy, the nature of the procedure and sample size may influence Random Genetic Drift uncertainty and limitations in data; and select, synthesise and use evidence to make The Founder Effect and justify conclusions Ch14 pg Migration Barriers to Gene Flow Science Understanding: Mutations Genetic Diseases different genotypes produce a variety of phenotypes, which are acted on differently by Ch7 pg The Theory of Evolution factors in the environment, producing different rates of survival Natural Selection Examples of Natural Selection in Science Understanding: Gene Pools s populations can be represented as gene pools that reflect the frequency of alleles of a o Body Stature particular gene; gene pools can be used to compare populations at different times or o Sickle Cell Anaemia locations Speciation gene pools are dynamic, with changes in allele frequency caused by: o mutations o differing selection pressures o random genetic drift, including the founder effect o changes in gene flow between adjoining groups the incidence of genetic diseases in particular populations illustrates the effects of different factors on the dynamics of gene pools, including the incidence of Tay-Sachs disease, thalassemia and sickle-cell anaemia

14 natural selection occurs when factors in the environment confer a selective advantage on specific phenotypes to enhance survival and reproduction the mechanisms underpinning the theory of evolution by natural selection include inherited variation, struggle for existence, isolation and differential selection, producing changes to gene pools to such an extent that speciation occurs 2 EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION Comparative Studies in Biochemistry DNA Mitochondrial DNA o Inheritance of mdna Protein Sequences Bioinformatics Comparative Genomics Comparative Studies in Anatomy Embryology Homologous Structures Vestigial Organs Geographical Distribution Evolution and Creation 3 FOSSIL EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION Fossil Formation Discovery or Fossils Dating of Fossils Absolute Dating Relative Dating o Stratigraphy o Fluorine Dating Phylogenic Trees conduct investigations, including the use of virtual or real biotechnological techniques of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), gel electrophoresis for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)sequencing, and techniques for relative and absolute dating, safely, competently and methodically for valid and reliable collection of data Science as a Endeavour developments in biotechnology have increased access to genetic information of species, populations and individuals, existing now or in the past, the interpretation and use of which may be open to ethical considerations developments in the fields of comparative genomics, comparative biochemistry and bioinformatics have enabled identification of further evidence for evolutionary relationships, which help refine existing models and theories Science Understanding: Evolution biotechnological techniques provide evidence for evolution by using PCR (to amplify minute samples of DNA to testable amounts), bacterial enzymes and gel electrophoresis to facilitate DNA sequencing of genomes comparative studies of DNA (genomic and mitochondrial), proteins and anatomy, provide additional evidence for evolution; genomic information enables the construction of phylogenetic trees showing evolutionary relationships between groups conduct investigations, including the use of virtual or real biotechnological techniques of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), gel electrophoresis for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)sequencing, and techniques for relative and absolute dating, safely, competently and methodically for valid and reliable collection of data represent data in meaningful and useful ways; organise and analyse data to identify trends, patterns and relationships; discuss the ways in which measurement error, instrumental accuracy, the nature of the procedure and sample size may influence uncertainty and limitations in data; and select, synthesise and use evidence to make and justify conclusions Ch15 pg Ch15 pg Ch8 pg Ch16 pg Ch16 pg Ch8 pg

15 Geological Time Scale Problems with the Fossil Record interpret a range of scientific and media texts, and evaluate models, processes, claims and conclusions by considering the quality of available evidence; and use reasoning to construct scientific arguments select, use and/or construct appropriate representations, including phylogenetic trees, to communicate conceptual understanding, solve problems and make predictions 4 PRIMATE EVOLUTION What are Primates? Classifying Primates Characteristics of Primates Evolutionary Trends within Primates Digits Dentition Vision Cerebral Cortex Gestation and Parental Care 5 EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS IN HOMINIDS Evolutionary Trends Ancestors Adaptations for Erect Posture o Foramen Magnum Science Understanding: Evolution the fossil record is incomplete and cannot represent the entire biodiversity of a time or a location due to many factors that affect fossil formation, the persistence of fossils and accessibility to fossilised remains sequencing a fossil record requires a combination of relative and absolute dating techniques to locate fossils onto the geological time line both relative dating techniques, including stratigraphy and index fossils, and absolute dating techniques, including radiocarbon dating and potassium-argon dating, have limitations of application represent data in meaningful and useful ways; organise and analyse data to identify trends, patterns and relationships; discuss the ways in which measurement error, instrumental accuracy, the nature of the procedure and sample size may influence uncertainty and limitations in data; and select, synthesise and use evidence to make and justify conclusions Science Understanding: Evolution humans as primates are classified in the same taxonomic family as the great apes. The species within the family are differentiated by DNA nucleotide sequences, which brings about differences in: o relative size of cerebral cortex o mobility of the digits o locomotion adaptations to bipedalism and quadrupedalism o prognathism and dentition represent data in meaningful and useful ways; organise and analyse data to identify trends, patterns and relationships; discuss the ways in which measurement error, instrumental accuracy, the nature of the procedure and sample size may influence uncertainty and limitations in data; and select, synthesise and use evidence to make and justify conclusions Ch17 pg Ch17 pg Ch9 pg Ch18 pg Ch18 pg. 285

16 o Curvature of the Spine o The Jaw o The Pelvis o Carrying Angle o The Knee o The Foot o Centre of Gravity Stance and Locomotion Relative Size of the Cerebral Cortex Prognathism and Dentition select, use and/or construct appropriate representations, including phylogenetic trees, to communicate conceptual understanding, solve problems and make predictions Science Understanding: Evolution humans as primates are classified in the same taxonomic family as the great apes. The species within the family are differentiated by DNA nucleotide sequences, which brings about differences in: o relative size of cerebral cortex o mobility of the digits o locomotion adaptations to bipedalism and quadrupedalism o prognathism and dentition determining relatedness and possible evolutionary pathways for hominids uses evidence from comparisons of modern humans and the great apes with fossils of: o Australopithecus afarensis o Australopithecus africanus o Paranthropus robustus o Homo habilis o Homo erectus o Homo neanderthalensis o Homo sapiens Ch9 pg HUMAN ANCESTORS Environmental Effects of Hominin Evolution Australopithecines Anatomical Features Variation Homo Habilis Homo Erectus Transition to Modern s Neanderthals Modern s represent data in meaningful and useful ways; organise and analyse data to identify trends, patterns and relationships; discuss the ways in which measurement error, instrumental accuracy, the nature of the procedure and sample size may influence uncertainty and limitations in data; and select, synthesise and use evidence to make and justify conclusions select, use and/or construct appropriate representations, including phylogenetic trees, to communicate conceptual understanding, solve problems and make predictions Science Understanding: Evolution determining relatedness and possible evolutionary pathways for hominids uses evidence from comparisons of modern humans and the great apes with fossils of: o Australopithecus afarensis o Australopithecus africanus o Paranthropus robustus o Homo habilis o Homo erectus Ch19 pg Ch19 pg

17 o o Homo neanderthalensis Homo sapiens 7 CULTURAL EVOLUTION Australopithecine Culture Early Homo Culture of Homo Erectus Neanderthal Culture Transition to Modern s Transition to Modern s The Denisovans The Red Deer Cave People Agriculture Modern s Origins 8 EXAM REVISION 9 SEMESTER 2 EXAM 10 SEMESTER 2 EXAM represent data in meaningful and useful ways; organise and analyse data to identify trends, patterns and relationships; discuss the ways in which measurement error, instrumental accuracy, the nature of the procedure and sample size may influence uncertainty and limitations in data; and select, synthesise and use evidence to make and justify conclusions select, use and/or construct appropriate representations, including phylogenetic trees, to communicate conceptual understanding, solve problems and make predictions communicate to specific audiences, and for specific purposes, using appropriate language, nomenclature, genres and modes, including scientific reports Science Understanding: Evolution tool use is seen in a number of hominid species and the study of these tools provides important insight into the evolution of the human cognitive abilities and lifestyles: trends are seen in the changes in manufacturing techniques and the materials used in the tool cultures of: o Homo habilis o Homo erectus o Homo neanderthalensis o Homo sapiens Ch20 pg Ch20 pg. 319 Ch9 pg Term 4 Week Topics Syllabus Content References 1 EXAM REVISION 2 EXAM REVISION 3 EXAM REVISION 4 ATAR EXAM 5 ATAR EXAM