Genetic engineering is technology that involves the of one organism in order to the DNA of organism.

Transcription

1 NAME CLASS DATE Unit 7: Biotech, Protein Synthesis, & Mutation Notes- PAP Genetic Engineering Genetic engineering is technology that involves the of one organism in order to the DNA of organism. Genetic engineering can be used to increase/decrease the of specific in selected organisms. An organism s is the DNA in the of each cell. Applied Genetics: is the of the hereditary characteristics of an organism to or specific in offspring. Selective breeding: (aka artificial selection) breeding to produce plant and animal with traits. Ex: breeding plants to produce larger fruits/vegetable Inbreeding: Two organism are bred to have the desired traits and to the ones in future generations Biotechnology is the use of genetic engineering to find solutions to problems. Goal for the was to sequence all the nucleotides in the human body. (3 billion nucleotides and 20,000-25,000 genes) This was completed in. Gel Electrophoresis 1. DNA is cut into smaller pieces using restriction enzymes 2. An electrical current is applied

2 3. DNA is separated by size. Shorter fragments move farther down the get than longer fragments 4. Used in: DNA fingerprinting Best way to determine if two people are genetically related Used in genetic counseling, parental testing, crime scenes, classification of new species of organisms. Can you tell Organism X is most closely related to which sample? Practice! Look at the example of DNA taken at the crime scene (Column 1). Which suspect committed the crime? DNA vs. RNA Nucleotide- of nucleic acids Composed of three parts: (DNA) OR (RNA) Phosphate Base Function of Nucleic Acids o DNA genetic information o RNA the genetic information Base Pairing: o A- (DNA) A- (RNA) o C-G o Held together by o DNA= helix RNA= helix

3 Polymers DNA RNA # of Strands Shape Double helix Monomers Nucleotide Sugar Deoxyribose Ribose Bases Location Nucleus only Function of DNA The master copy of an organism s information that contains the ( ) used to make Determines an organism s characteristics ( ). Sometimes permanent changes can occur in the sequence of DNA ( ) Function of RNA A similar of stored DNA Uses the instructions to direct of Structure and Function of Proteins Structure of Proteins: Monomers are Contain the elements Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), and (N) Function of Proteins: Carries out many functions in the body which include and repair from one cell to another channels in cell membranes against invaders catalyzing chemical reactions ( are proteins) Protein Shape Determines Function * If the protein folds incorrectly it will not work properly

4 Protein Problem Example: When the oxygen carrying protein by amino acid then it can cause the cell s to change. The blood cell is now at which affects the organism s health. Protein Synthesis Background Also called The process of cells making new to show genetic using. ( ) Genes- of (DNA) that control the production of and activities within a cell. 3 Types of RNA used in Protein Synthesis Messenger RNA (mrna) - copies of instructions for from DNA to found in. (because DNA leave the or it may get ) Ex: The SCRIBE in the video Transfer RNA (trna)- to the and matches them to the message. trna gets / after it drops off amino acid. Ex: The CHEF in the video Ribosomal RNA (rrna) - makes up the (small made of 2 units) and is the ( ) of protein synthesis. Ex: The BOAT in the video

5 Part 1. (occurs in the ) When complementary (mrna) molecules are produced by segments of the DNA sequence RNA enzyme separates DNA at a promoter (region of DNA where instructions begins) Free floating match up with the DNA template in groups of bases ( ) (A- and C-G) mrna editing: new RNA will be before the message is complete - portions that are out and - needed pieces of RNA that are back to form Each codes for a (Ex. 2 codons = 2 amino acids= 6 bases) Single new strand of mrna the and the to the where proteins are assembled mrna to the and for the trna. Which RNA base would pair up with following DNA bases? A T C T G A C G mrna?

6 Transcription Summary Transcription the instructions to make proteins from the to the in the form of *What happens if the mrna gets damaged on the way to the ribosomes? Part 2. (occurs in the ) Ribosomes: using instructions from the nucleus Can be: - Free - Attached to *What do you think would happen if ribosomes were removed from a cell? of an into a chain (protein) trna ( ) is composed of bases trna picks up a amino acid in the and takes it to the. trna will read the and drop of the in the to build the protein needed 20 amino acids- 64 possible combinations (there are ways to for the in some instances to help ) Translation Summary The (mrna codons) matches up with trna to put the amino acids in the correct order. Amino acids form a chain held together by ; this is a. * Practice mrna: U U C U C C C A U trna?:

7 For you to complete translation- you must use the mrna chart (NO DNA or trna!!) Practice!! DNA: GAC CCT TAT mrna: Amino Acid Sequence: trna:

8 Mutations Gene expression = protein produced DNA RNA A.A. Protein Protein Shape Protein Function o After protein synthesis, the protein is into a specific shape o The shape of the protein and the order of the determines the function of the protein Gene Expression Examples: o Some jellyfish have that, when expressed, produce the protein called Green Fluorescent Light (GFL) o When the GFL gene is expressed, cells the GFL protein, which produces light (AKA: bioluminescence) o Scientists have removed the GFL gene from jellyfish and the GFL gene into DNA o If the pigs glow in the dark, what can you tell me about the GFL gene that s in the pig s DNA? The pigs cells and the GFL genes! Gene Expression occurred! Influences on Gene Expression: o Environmental Influences that influence the expression of a gene o o o o o Temperature, nutrition, light, infectious agents Ex. Temperature effects the expression of the coat color gene in Arctic Foxes Mutation s effect on gene expression: If the Arctic Fox is supposed to produce that give it brown fur in the summer, but those fur color genes have mutated to produce hot-pink fur What do you think will happen to the color of the fox s fur when temperatures increase? What do you think will happen to that fox? Will it pass on the hot-pink mutated gene? What if the mutation caused the fox to have better camouflaged fur instead of hot-pink fur? How would you expect this mutation to affect the future of that fox population? In this case, the new mutation resulted in is an because it made the foxes better fit. What effect on gene expression would a mutation that produced the same amino acid sequence have?

9 Mutations any in the DNA sequence It s a MISTAKE that s made during or transcription. Occur when a change occurs in nucleotide bases Can be (adaptations) or (disorders). A source of genetic diversity Two Types: Point Mutations Chromosomal Mutations Mutations: good or bad? harmful: or deformities helpful: organism is able to survive (camouflage, adaptation) neutral: organism is unaffected Causes of Mutations: Mutagens: anything that causes a change in DNA examples: X rays, UV light, nuclear radiation, asbestos, cigarette smoke Mutations are random events Chances of mutations occurring naturally 1/1,000,000 Mutations due to mutagens usually 1/100,000 Viruses: Remember that viruses can cause in the DNA when they insert their viral DNA for replication! Can you give a mutation to your kids? YES, if a mutation occurs in a or NO, if a mutation occurs in a (example skin cell) Point Mutations - Change in or a nucleotides (bases) Results in one or a few amino acids changed Types of point mutations: (1) Substitutions - one base is changed to Ex. TAC GCT AGA TAC GTT AGA (2) Frame shift mutations Insertion - one base is Ex. TAC GCT AGA TTA CGC TAG A Deletion - one base is Ex. TAC GCT AGA TCG CTA GA

10 Frameshift vs. Substitution: THE FOX WAS RED 1. TTE FOX WAS RED 2. TAH EFO XWA SRE D 3. TEF OXW ASR ED Amino acids and mutations: Point Mutation- *ORIGINAL STRAND 1. harmful when amino acid is o CAC = histidine CCC= proline 2. not harmful when amino acid is (This a mutation (alters DNA sequence, but has no apparent detectable effect on a phenotype or a function). o CAC= histidine CAU= histidine Examples of Point Mutations Disorders: Frame Shift Mutations: Bases are (put in) or (take out) Very harmful because a mistake in DNA is carried into mrna and results in wrong amino acids For example, read the following sentence Original: The fat cat ate the wee rat. Frame Shift: The fat caa tet hew eer at. The t in cat was deleted causing most of the sentence to be wrong! Examples in Frame Shift Mutations: 1. Tay Sachs: rare inherited disorder that progressively cells (neurons) in the brain and spinal cord. 2. Cystic Fibrosis: causes mucus to be thick and sticky- can clogs the lungs, causing breathing problems and makes it easy for bacteria to grow. Practice DNA: GTAGTAGTA What type of single base change is the following mutation? GTAGAGTA What type of point mutation is the following mutation? GTAGAAGTA

11 Chromosomal Mutations: Chromosomes or are Broken chromosomes may rejoin incorrectly Almost always lethal (kills) when it occurs in a (fertilized egg that will become a baby) Results in major changes to proteins produced Results in major to proteins produced Deletion - of all or part of chromosome Duplications - copies of a chromosome Inversions - reverse the of chromosomes Translocation - when part of a off and attaches to another