New biotech methods in plant breeding for climate change

Transcription

1 Research based education at life science universities in the Danube region towards a sustainable future 7th June, Bucharest New biotech methods in plant breeding for climate change 0 CASEE Bucharest 7 June 2018 Acad. Doru Pamfil USAMV Cluj-Napoca, Romania

2 1 What is biotech? Biotech > Biotechnology - a wide range of procedures for modifying living organisms according to human purposes > modifying plants > GMO ( Definition: Biotechnology is the integration of natural science and organisms, cells, parts thereof, and molecular analogues for products and services (European Federation of Biotechnology) Biotechnology is the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make products, or any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use (UN Convention on Biological Diversity, Art. 2)

3 2 What is biotech? Biotechnology is not ONLY genetically engineered organisms, GMO

4 3 What colour has the biotech? 1919 Biotechnology > technology based on converting raw materials 1997 Green Biotechnology > Clean Biotec versus GMO 2002 Red Biotechnology > US EPSO Medical report 2003 White Biotechnology > EU Science and technology 2003 Blue Biotechnology > Europa Bio Convention 2004 The Flags of Biotechnology > US-EU Bio meeting 2004 The Rainbow of Biotechnology > Al Gore US Senate speech Synergy of Green, Red & White Biotech > EU Report on Biotech 2005 The color of Biotechnology >12th Congress of Biotechnology Biotechology in colour > UNESCO Division of Life Sciences

5 4 Biotechnology classification Color Type Area of Biotech Activities Red Yellow Blue Green Brown Dark Purple White Gold Grey Health, Medical, Diagnostics Food Biotechnology, Nutrition Science Aquaculture, Coastal and Marine Biotech Agricultural, Environmental Biotechnology Biofuels, Biofertilizers, Bioremediation, Geomicrobiology Arid Zone and Desert Biotechnology Bioterrorism, Biowarfare, Biocrimes, Anticrop warfare Patents, Publications, Inventions, IPRs Gene-based Bioindustries Bioinformatics, Nanobiotechnology Classical Fermentation and Bioprocess Technology

6 5 Climate change effects Climate changes > risks on long-term on food security Def: Change in average weather conditions, or in the time variation of weather within the context of longer-term average conditions. Climate change related to global warming is caused by factors as biotic processes, variations in solar radiation received by Earth, plate tectonics, and volcanic eruptions and certain human activities Greenhouse effect: Warming is expected to increase temperature with 3-5ᵒ C in next years CO2 concentration rising from 270µmol to 385µmol now NASA/NOAA; 20 January 2016

7 6 Climate change effects Climate changes > risks on long-term on food security Affecting the physiological process of the plants change in the type, distribution and coverage of vegetation warmth increase > lead to earlier flowering and fruiting times change in the timing of life cycles change in photosynthesis result in vegetation stress etc. Loss of arable land 30% in 25 years > 50% till 2050 Drought and salinity led to increased desertification Soil erosion and decrease land and agricultural productivity Dry land cover 41% of land surface > home to 38% population

8 7 World distribution of arable land

9 Billions 8 World population growth Beginning of modern biotechnology BC Beginning of Agriculture 8000 BC 6000 BC First induces mutagenesis 1000 BC Beginning of hybridisation Beginning of Christian Era 1000 AC AC Developing Countries Industrialized Countries

10 9 Feeding the world World population growth 1960: 3.0 x 10 9 > kcal/day 2009: 6.8 x 10 9 > kcal/day 2015: 7.5 x 10 9 > kcal/day 2050: 9.2 x 10 9 > kcal/day World calories consumption 68% humans (23% wasted along food chain) 33% animals 5% biofuels Climate change and agricultural productivity FAO estimate a global agricultural production increase about 50% > 2050 UNEP/GRID 2015

11 10 Development in classic agriculture New arable land and new cultivated plants Mechanised agriculture New plant technologies Agrochemistry: fertilisers, pesticides, herbicides, stimulators Irrigation Increased agriculture production by the Green revolution Traditional production Professional management (farming) Plant breeding (conventional)

12 11 Development in modern agriculture New arable land and new cultivated plants Mechanised Robotic agriculture New plant biotechnologies Agrochemistry: fertilisers, pesticides, herbicides, biostimulators Irrigation Increased agriculture production by the Green revolution Traditional production versus Organic production Professional site specific crop management (farming) Modern Plant breeding (conventional)

13 12 Plant breeding and biotechnology Plant domestication ~ BC ~13,000 years ago 1700s Humans collecting naturally plant mutants Selective line breeding Era of hybrids begins First induced mutagenesis by radiation Marker Assisted Selection First commercial Transgenic plant First plant Transformation New era of synthetic biology Era of genome editing

14 13 Plant breeding and biotechnology PROGRESS IN PLANT BREEDING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY?

15 14 Plant breeding and biotechnology Selecting and modifying plants for: Increase mass production Tolerance to abiotic stress (drought, frost, salinity, etc.) Resistance to diseases (multiple) Resistance to insects (multiple) Improvement photosynthesis/yield Resistance to herbicide (multiple) Quality modified products (multiple) Controlled pollination system Better used primary production Adapted to robotic agriculture Flexibility to climate change Growing in any environment etc.

16 15 Plant breeding and biotechnology Selection Mutagenesis Domestication Conventional Breeding & Biotechnology Modern Hybridization Synthetic biology Transgenic/cisgenic Genome editing All crops have been genetically modified from domestication to synthetic biology era

17 16 Plant breeding and biotechnology Conventional Breeding & Biotechnology Traditional hybridization Modern GMO or EU Creative commons, 2017 Biotech plant New transgenic plants via Agrobacterium tumefaciens

18 17 Plant breeding through biotechnology Modern Biotechnology Genetic engineering Transgenic plants Genetic editing Are plants transgenic? GMO plants GMO Non GMO plants? Very strict legislation Not legislation yet

19 18 Biotech methods for genetic engineering Transgenic plants obtained by genetic engeneering: Agrobacterium-mediated recombination Chemical direct DNA transfer Induction and regeneration of protoplasts Electroporation Particle bombardment (biolistic) Transgenic plants hybrids DNA aerosol injection

20 19 Biotech methods for genetic engineering Approved commercial transgenic (biotech) plants: Alfalfa Flax Rice Apple Grass Rose Bean Petunia Soybean Carnation Papaya Sugar beet Chicory Maize Sugar cane Cotton Plum Sweet pepper Eggplant Poplar Tobacco Eucalyptus Potato Tomato ISAAA.org 2016

21 20 Biotech methods for genetic engineering Commercial transgenic (biotech) plants: Tolerance to abiotic stress Increase mass production and/or plant grows Diseases control/resistance Pest resistance Herbicide resistance Quality improvements (multiple) Control of pollination system Vaccine plants

22 21 Evolution of biotech crops (GMO) 182 M ha

23 22 Evolution of biotech crops (GMO)

24 23 Evolution of biotech crops (GMO) Advantage of commercial biotech plants Increase of the productivity of the biotech crops = 22% Reduced pesticide consumption = 37% Increase of farmer income = 68% Saved surface by increase of the crops productivity = 378 millions tones extra from biotech plant, equivalent of 123 millions ha with conventional plants Reduction in CO2 emission - Only in 2013 > the equivalent of 12.4 million of cars/year Contributed to the food security Preserving the biodiversity The most progressive technology in today agriculture Source: Klumper and Qaim (2014) and Brookes and Barefoot (2016)

25 24 Evolution of biotech crops (GMO) www. wikipedia.org/euroscepsis

26 25 Evolution of biotech crops (GMO) From 1998 in EU have been registered over 90 de GMO applications but not approved

27 26 Biotechnology for genome editing 1. Zinc finger nuclease ZFN-3 2. Cisgenesis and intragenesis 3. Zinc finger nuclease ZFN-1, ZFN-2 Events impossible for 4. TALE nuclease (TALENs) identification even 5. CRISPR-Cas system being noticed (non GMO) 6. Oligonucleotide directed mutagenesis (ODM) 7. RNA-dependent DNA methylation (RdDM) 8. Grafting (on GM rootstock) 9. Reverse breeding 10. Agro-infiltration Events possible for identification if noticed (GMO)

28 27 Biotechnology for genome editing New biotech methods based on targeted mutagenesis Site-directed nucleases (SDN) Oligonucleotide directed mutagenesis (ODM) Meganucleases (MN) Zinc-Finger Nucleases (ZFN) Protein based TALENs Protein based CRISPR Nucleases (Cas9, Cpf1) Protein based TALEN (Transcription Activator Like Effector Nuclease) CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) (Sheinmann, 2017) RNA based RNA/DNA based

29 28 Biotechnology for genome editing New biotech method of genome editing CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Knock-Out Transient Gene Silencing DNA Free Gene Editing Gene Knock In

30 29 Biotechnology for genome editing > 2000 Scientific publication on genome editing 2016

31 Cercetarea agricolă prezent și perspective 30 ASAS București 18 Octombrie 2017 Biotechnology for genome editing Specific and intended alterations of the plants genome Tolerance to abiotic stress: Improvement of photosynthesis Improvement of soil fertility drought, frost, salinity, etc. efficiency Virus resistance Modified carbohydrates Inducible male sterility Resistance to fungal pathogens Fatty acids (Omega 3) content Potential regulator of the senescence Multiple insect resistance New amino acids contents Fruit and vegetable taste improvement Lepidoptera resistance New amylase content Non-browning product Coleopteran resistance Altering lignin composition Resistance to glyphosate herbicide Resistance to nematodes and parasites Improve lignin content Resistance to glufosinate Antibiotics resistance Flower colour modification Resistance to dicamba Remove allergens Altering nicotine content Resistance to oxynil etc.

32 31 Biotechnology for genome editing Blight-resistant rice Herbicide resistance in var. crops market-ready High amylopectin corn market-ready Male sterile maize Compact growth & early yield Potatoes with altered starch field trials Virus-resistant cucumber New albino phenotype Gluten-free wheat Non-allergenic apples and peanuts Improved abiotic behavior Synthetic biology Powdery mildewresistant wheat field trials Soybean with reduced trans-fats field trials Non-browning mushroom Resistant to Xanthomonas High yield rice research

33 Biotechnology for the future 32 Climate changes Multiple resistance Tolerance to abiotic stress Photosynthesis & biomass Insects Fungi Viruses Lepidoptera Coleoptera Nematode Multiple diseases Drought Frost Coldness Salinity Wind Amidon Humidity Amylase Seeds Glyphosate Amino acids Leaves Glufosinate Oils Tubercles Dicamba Fatty acids Wood etc. Oxynil Carbohydrates 24D etc. Amylopectin Vitamin Non-browning Flower colour Automatisation > sensors Fertility Leaves colour Non allergic Maturation Robotic agriculture Senescence Vaccine Dry materials Fertilisers CO2 Precision agriculture Quantity improvements Quality improvements % losses Primary production Structural changes Biosensors Herbicide resistance

34 33 Biotechnology for the future Biotech methods for synthetic genomics Synthetic biology combines chemical synthesis of DNA with genomics to assemble new genomes Combination of modern biotechnology and bioinformatics 2010 scientists announced the world s first synthetic life form J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI) Design and control of whole plant genome Old or new plants with new characteristics Provitamin A Biofortified Rice Event GR2E + 30 µg/g carotenoids + = Rice synthetic biology Golden rice

35 34 Biotechnology for the future Schematic biotech method for synthetic genomics White Biotech Bioproduction Pharmaceuticals Biofuel (Ethanol) Hydrogen Red Biotech Cancer-killing cells Antibiotics Blue Biotech Drug discovery Green Biotech Herbicides Abiotic stress Photosynthesis Nonallergic Amino acids Transgenic plants

36 35 Biotechnology for the future Biotech methods for synthetic genomics (biology) Brings new responsibilities DNA New regulations

37 36 Biotechnology and regulation (R. Custner 2017) EU regulations on GMO are referring to both the techniques used and the characteristics of the end product, in a cumulative way. Most gene-edited agricultural products are not subject to the provisions of EU Directive 2001/18/EC, because they are not GMOs. Substitution or mutation of a single nucleotides occurs naturally in nature The differences between traditional plant breeding and new biotec technique is the science based targeted mutation > science based regulations

38 37 Biotechnology and regulation Regulations priorities in Biotechnology 1. Pharmaceutical biotechnology 2. Medical biotechnology 3. Industrial biotechnology 4. Natural resources biotechnology 5. Energy resources biotechnology 6. Food biotechnology 7. Black biotechnology The future of biotechnology stay in regulations (A. Ricroch, 2017)

39 38 Biotechnology and regulation The future of biotechnology stay in regulations EU regulations are from 1990 > based on technique & product EU legislations on GMO > is not a science based regulation Strict barrier between traditional plant breeding and some of the new biotech methods > biotech plants are labelled as GMO Regulations are politically locked in its Precautionary Principle Current regulation debate: are new genotypes produced by editing technology GMO or not? We propose a new approach for regulating new biotech methods of gene-editing, in perspective of breeding plants for future climate changes

40 39 Biotechnology and climate change

41 39 Biotechnology and climate change Conclusions Biotechnology is one of the most dynamic science Biotechnology can increase plant productivity and quality by preserving biodiversity New biotech methods can help plant breeding for facing the climate changes problems in the future Biotech can design and control the whole plant genome Biotech, edited and synthetic plants needs science based regulations for a future commercial use We need a correct information of the public and the consumers on the future plants created thru biotech New biotech methods need a global cooperation to be successful on the way to assure the food security

42 40 Biotechnology and climate change Thank you! More informations:

43 32