Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology

Transcription

1 Biotechnology

2 Genetic Engineering Technology that involves manipulating the DNA of one organism in order to insert the DNA of another organism

3 An electric current is used to separate DNA fragments according to the size of the fragments in a process called gel electrophoresis. When an electric current is applied, the DNA fragments move toward the positive end of the gel. The smaller fragments move farther faster than the larger ones.

4 Gel Electrophoresis

5 Gel Electrophoresis

6 The unique pattern created based on the size of the DNA fragment can be compared to known DNA fragments for identification. Gel electrophoresis

7 DNA fingerprinting Gel Electrophoresis is an example of how this is done. Every person is genetically different, so DNA fingerprints are different except for identical twins.

8 DNA fingerprinting applications used to identify or eliminate suspects determine paternity of a child, or establish other family relationships identify a deceased person

9 Genetically engineered organisms are used to study the expression of a particular gene. to select traits that might be beneficial to humans. Genetically engineered bollworm

10 DNA Tools Genome total DNA in the nucleus of each cell. Transgenic Tobacco Plant with Firefly gene

11 Restriction enzymes recognize and bind to specific DNA sequences and cuts the DNA within the sequence. Isolate specific genes of the genome. Used for recombinant DNA or gene cloning.

12 EcoRI specifically cuts DNA containing the sequence GAATTC. The ends of the DNA fragments, called sticky ends

13 Restriction Enzyme Ends Some ends are considered blunt also because it does not leave open nucleotides

14 The newly generated DNA molecule with DNA from different sources is called recombinant DNA.

15 Genetic Engineering AKA: Recombinant DNA or transgenic organisms DNA is split(restriction enzymes) /new inserted

16 Applications of recombinant DNA Bacteria: used to produce hormones and antibiotics Plants: made to be resistant to herbicides Animals: replacement of genes which cause disorders (gene therapy); cows produce medicine in their milk

17 Some of the bacterial cells take up the recombinant plasmid DNA through a process called transformation.

18 Large numbers of identical bacteria, each containing the inserted DNA molecules, can be produced through a process called cloning.

19 Cloning Cloning is an asexual form of reproduction. All the child's genes would come from a body cell of a single individual:

20 Dolly 1st clone

21 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) a technique for copying a piece of DNA a billion-fold. The process creates a chain of many nucleotides, and the chain is a strand of DNA. Used in genetic fingerprinting

22 Biotechnology Organisms, genetically engineered by inserting a gene from another organism, are called transgenic organisms.

23 Transgenic Animals Scientists produce most transgenic animals in laboratories for biological research. Mice, fruit flies, and the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans

24 Transgenic Plants Genetically engineered cotton resists insect infestation of the bolls. Sweet-potato plants are resistant to a virus that could kill most of the African harvest. Rice plants with increased iron and vitamins could decrease malnutrition.

25 13.3 The Human Genome The Human Genome Project The goal of the Human Genome Project (HGP) was to determine the sequence of the approximately three billion nucleotides that make up human DNA and to identify all of the approximately 20,000 25,000 human genes.

26 13.3 The Human Genome Decoding the sequence of the human genome can be compared to reading a book that was printed in code.

27 13.3 The Human Genome A technique aimed at correcting mutated genes that cause human diseases is called gene therapy. Scientists insert a normal gene into a chromosome to replace a dysfunctional gene. Genomics is the study of an organism s genome.

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