BIOL 011 Lab Practical 1 Review Sheet

Transcription

1 BIOL 011 Lab Practical 1 Review Sheet LAB 1 SCIENTIFIC METHOD 1. Pillbug anatomy: a. Three main parts: head, thorax, abdomen b. Exoskeleton, compound eyes, feet, antennae, uropods (download and read powerpoint!) 2. Pillbug diet and habitat LAB 2 METRIC MEASUREMENT AND MICROSCOPY 1. Metric conversions a. How to convert between units with kilo-, centi-, and milli- prefixes 2. Compound light microscope identify the parts a. Ocular lenses b. Arm c. Nose piece d. Objectives e. Stage f. Diaphragm g. Coarse adjustment knob h. Fine adjustment knob i. Base 3. Binocular dissecting microscope / stereomicroscope identify parts (see page 14 & 15 in the lab manual for descriptions) a. Eyepiece lenses b. Binocular head c. Magnification changing knob d. Illuminator e. Focus knob 4. Compound light microscope vs. binocular dissecting microscope The compound light microscope is suited for specimens that are translucent and small/thin enough to fit on a slide. The binocular dissecting microscope is better for examining surface details on larger specimens.

2 5. How to read a graduated cylinder meniscus, proper angle to read it 6. Euglena protist (not plant or animal), feeds itself by phagocytosis AND photosynthesis, has an eyespot that detects light, moves using flagellum like a propeller LAB 3 CELLULAR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION 1. Organelles be able to identify them on a model and know their functions a. Nucleus b. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) smooth and rough c. Ribosomes d. Mitochondria e. Golgi apparatus f. Centrosomes 2. Know the different structures present in plant cells but not animal cells 3. Definitions of diffusion and osmosis 4. Tonicity Understand different types of solutions and how cell will react a. Isotonic solutions b. Hypertonic solutions c. Hypotonic solutions 5. Dialysis bag experiment (p ) - - Our class had trouble making this experiment work so I will explain it: The purpose of the experiment is to simulate diffusion across the plasma membrane of a cell. We placed a permeable dialysis bag filled with glucose and starch in a beaker of water with iodine solution. The glucose and starch solutions in the dialysis bag made it a cloudy white to begin with. Iodine in solution will appear to be a yellow/amber color, and this was the starting color of the water in the beaker. However when in iodine comes into contact with starch it will turn the starch a very dark brown color. After five minutes the inside of the bag turned brown, but the water in the beaker stays the same color. Since the inside of the bag turned brown, iodine must have diffused into the bag. Since the color of the water in the beaker stayed the same (didn t turn brown) that must mean that starch didn t diffuse out. This is because starch is a large molecule, it will not fit through the small pores in the dialysis bag. Using Benedict s reagent we also tested for the diffusion of glucose. We took some of the solution from the beaker water and found that glucose had diffused out of the bag.

3 LAB 4 Enzymes 1. Know terms: a. Reactant b. Product c. Substrate d. Enzyme e. Active site 2. H 2 O 2 (hydrogen peroxide) (catalase) > H 2 0 (water) + O 2 (oxygen) 3. Know how factors may affect rate of enzyme activity a. Temperature warm vs cold vs boiling b. Concentration low vs high c. ph LAB 5 Mitosis and Meiosis 1. Mitosis be able to identify different phases of cell cycle from a model or slide a. Interphase b. Prophase c. Metaphase d. Anaphase e. Telophase 2. Know terms: a. Chromosome b. Sister chromatids c. Homologous chromosomes d. Haploid e. Diploid f. Daughter cell g. Tetrad h. Dyad i. Cytokinesis j. Cleavage furrow k. Contractile ring 3. Meiosis review p in lab manual a. Crossing over (what is it, what does it do, what stage does it occur) b. Meiosis I: Homologous chromosomes separate

4 c. Meiosis II: Sister chromatids separate 4. Meiosis vs. Mitosis a. # of daughter cells b. Type of cell somatic (body cell) vs. germ (sex cell) c. Starting chromosomes: homologous chromosome pairs vs duplicated chromosomes d. Recombination (crossing over and independent assortment) of genetic information occurs in meiosis; cells replicated by mitosis are identical e. Which process goes from diploid à diploid (2nà 2n) and which goes from diploid to haploid (2nà 1n) LAB 6 PATTERNS OF INHERITANCE AND GENETIC COUNSELING 1. Know terms: a. Genotype b. Phenotype c. Allele d. Monohybrid cross e. Dihybrid cross f. Dominant allele g. Recessive allele h. Homozygous dominant i. Heterozygous j. Homozygous recessive k. Gametes (sex cells: sperm or egg) l. Zygote (fertilized egg will become fetus) 2. Be able to calculate phenotypic ratio 3. Be able to give me possible genotypes if I give you a phenotype and tell you what is dominant/recessive 4. Be able to complete a simple Punnet square (4 boxes) 5. Genetic Counseling read pages and know terms: a. Nondisjunction when error occurs in meiosis 1 and homologous chromosomes do not separate correctly. Resulting in daughter cells with no chromosomes or too many chromosomes b. Down syndrome trisomy of chromosome #21 (three copies)

5 i. Caused by nondisjunction, resulting in mental retardation c. Turner syndrome i. Female but only has one X chromosome (XO) ii. No puberty/menstruation d. Klinefelter syndrome i. Male with two X chromosomes and one Y (XXY) ii. Underdeveloped testes, overdeveloped breasts iii. Learning disability e. Jacobs syndrome i. Nondisjunction in meiosis II for sperm only ii. Results in males that have one X and two Y chromosomes (XYY) iii. Speech and reading problems f. Poly- X syndrome i. Caused when egg with an extra X chromosome is fertilized by X sperm (XXX) ii. Learning disabilities