Alan Scott - Pacific Seeds

Transcription

1 Alan Scott - Pacific Seeds

2 Gene Technolog and Sunfloer in Australia Sunfloer BREEDING Conventional Sunfloer breeders have made huge progress in improving the performance of Sunfloer varieties, particularl hbrids, in the last 30 ears. Most of the ork done b conventional crossing of lines selection of lines that combine the desirable traits, and selective combinations of these in F1 Hbrids. The genes for these hbrids obtained from naturall occurring genetic variation or from mutation plant breeding.

3 99/ Australian Sunfloer Australian Sunfloer Yield (t/ha) QLD NSW 60/61 63/64 66/67 69/70 72/73 75/76 78/79 81/82 84/85 87/88 90/91 93/94 96/97

4 Australian Sunfloer Production (1000 mt) Pol Mono 93/94 94/95 95/96 96/97 97/98 98/99 99/00 00/01 01/02 (E)

5 CONVENTIONAL SUNFLOWER BREEDING Breeding Strategies : Pedigree Method Back-cross Hbrid crop Ctoplasmic male sterilit A, B & R lines A & R in H. petiolaris ctoplasm B in H. annuus ctoplasm Single or recessivel branched male

6 PEDIGREE METHOD 1- Hbridization A B (AC) B F1 2- Plant F2 Seed Sel. Ind. Plants z o o o o F2 Pop 3- Gro indiv. F3 ros Sel. Best ros Sel. Best F3 Plants 4- Gro indiv. F4 ros Sel best families Sel. Best ros Sel. Best F4 Plants /TC z z z z z Gro indiv. F5 ros Sel best families Sel. Best ros Sel. Best F5 Plants Results TC

7 CMS SYSTEM B LINE (maintainer) A LINE (cms) F1 HYBRID R LINE (Rf gene)

8 MOLECULAR MARKERS GENE MAPPING: QUALITATIVE TRAITS QUANTITATIVE TRAITS LINE FINGERPRINTING: LINES RELATIONSHIP VARIETY PROTECTION MOLECULAR ASSISTED SELECTION (M.A.S): TO FIXED ALLELES IN EARLY INBREEDING STAGES LINE CONVERSIONS BACK-CROSS: RECURENT PARENT GENOME RECOVERY

9 R LINES DISSIMILARITY

10 PCR: MICROSATELLITES IN A SEGREGATING POPULATION Resistant homozgous individuals Heterozgous individuals Resistant parent (check) Susceptible homozgous individuals Susceptible parent (check)

11 Gene Technolog and Sunfloer in Australia Modern Gene Technolog Genetic modification techniques developed in the last tent ears has alloed the genetic material to be altered in as that ma not occur naturall. Such techniques are no able to achieve the folloing useful genetic alterations: Transfer gene from related species - but difficult to breed b conventional cross-pollination. Transfer gene from unrelated species - eg. Bt genes from bacteria. Sitch off a gene - stop function of an undesirable trait. Up-regulate or don-regulate a gene - reduce or increase product or trait epression.

12 Gene Technolog and Sunfloer in Australia Opportunities for Eploiting GM Sunfloer 1) Opportunities for Farmers Benefits in other crops such as corn achieved to date are variable ith net productivit gains of 5-10%, due to insect resistances and herbicide tolerances. Herbicide Resistance: improved eed control use of conservation farming techniques Insect Resistance: reduction in chemical insecticide usage Disease Resistance Tolerance of Environmental Stresses: Moisture Acidit Temperature Nutrients.

13 Gene Technolog and Sunfloer in Australia Opportunities for Eploiting GM Sunfloer contd.. 2) Opportunities for Grain Processors Improvements in milling efficiencies - lignin controls Modified oil tpes for food and industrial uses. Modified protein tpes.

14 Gene Technolog and Sunfloer in Australia Opportunities for Eploiting GM Sunfloer contd.. 3) Opportunities for Consumers Altered fatt acid profiles. Changed protein qualit Lignin modification.

15 Gene Technolog and Sunfloer in Australia Opportunities for Eploiting GM Sunfloer contd.. 4) Opportunities for Novel Products Geneticall modified to produce unconventional products Human and veterinar pharmaceuticals cost, purit freedom from animal origin contaminants. Industrial feedstocks enzmes biodegradable plastics feedstocks building materials Energ Feedstocks starch sugars Cellulosic biomass (modified to minimise unusable bproducts)

16 Gene Technolog and Sunfloer in Australia Concerns about GM Crops Human and Animal Health Concerns Safet of food toins, allergens, carcinogens reduction of these materials Ingestion of GM DNA: no significant risk to health consider in contet of normal consumption. Safet of Livestock Feed no increase in risk to animals or humans consuming the animal products digestion renders the GM DNA functionall inert No significant uptake of GM DNA in animal tissues and into products.

17 Gene Technolog and Sunfloer in Australia Environmental Concerns Herbicide Resistance Resistant eeds ma be selected out b repeated use of certain herbicides. Resistance development minimised b rotating herbicides, crops and other management practices. Insect Resistance Manage deploment to minimise development of resistant insects. Non-Target Species Avoid negative effect on non-target species eg Monarch butterflies. Stress Tolerance and Disease Resistance: Increased eediness of crop Entr into natural ecosstems Assess the real risks.

18 Gene Technolog and Sunfloer in Australia Environmental Concerns contd.. Stress Tolerance and Disease Resistance increased eediness of crop Entr into natural ecosstems Assess the real risks. Gene Flo into Plant Populations Out-crossing ith eed relatives ma increase eediness Out-crossing to other crops (eg non-gm) Managed b eisting procedures Industr Code of Practice being developed. Gene Flo into Land Races and In-Situ Germplasm Concern about GM gene flo to local varieties and natural germplasm in Meico Shon to be not true Possible since Sunfloer is a naturall cross-pollinating

19 Gene Technolog and Sunfloer in Australia Regulation of GM Crops in Australia Comprehensive sstem of legislation, regulation and licensed dealings. B various bodies. OGTR Overall responsibilit and specific responsibilit for risks to human health and environment. Manages b licensing dealings ith GMO s. Food Standards Australia Ne Zealand (FSANZ) Responsibilit for food safet Safet assessments Labelling and other information requirements protocols Approval of certain GM products.

20 Gene Technolog and Sunfloer in Australia Regulation of GM Crops in Australia contd. Australian Quarantine & Inspection Service (AQIS) Manages importation of GM products Co-ordinates imports ith OGTR requirements for licensed dealings in Australia. National Registration Authorit (NRA) Evaluation, registration and regulation. GM crop plants that produce agricultural chemical products (eg. Bt toins) Ne use of agricultural chemical in conjunction ith GM crop plants (eg.herbicide use ith GM herbicide resistance) Other Bodies Various other federal, state and local government bodies.

21 Gene Technolog and Sunfloer in Australia Conclusion Opportunities are immense and could deliver great benefits Technolog is sophisticated and epensive Regulator process is comple, time-consuming and costl. GM Sunfloer ill ultimatel have a significant impact on orld agriculture.

22 GMO: Sclerotinia Stem Rot Tolerance Oalic Acid HOOC-COOH O-O Oalate Oidase CO 2 + H 2 O 2