OIL SPILL CHEMICAL DISPERSANTS Research, Experience, and Recommendations

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2 OIL SPILL CHEMICAL DISPERSANTS Research, Experience, and Recommendations A symposium sponsored by ASTM Committee F-20 on Hazardous Substances and Oil Spill Response West Palm Beach, Florida, Oct ASTM SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION 840 Tom E. Allen, Halliburton Services, editor ASTM Publication Code Number (PCN) # Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103

3 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Oil spill chemical dispersants. (ASTM special technical publication; 840) "ASTM publication code number (PCN) " Includes bibliographies and index. 1. Oil spills Environmental aspects Congresses. 2. Dispersing agents Environmental aspects Congresses. 3. Toxicity testing Congresses. 4. Aquatic ecology Congresses. I. Allen, Tom E. II. ASTM Committee F-20 on Hazardous Substances and Oil Spill Response. III. Series. TD427.P r ISBN Copyright by AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS 1984 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: NOTE The Society is not responsible, as a body, for the statements and opinions advanced in this publication. Printed in Baltimore, MD (b) November 1984

4 Foreword The symposium on Oil Spill Dispersants: Five Years of Research was held in West Palm Beach, FL, on Oct. 1982, and was sponsored by ASTM Committee F-20 on Hazardous Substances and Oil Spill Response. Tom E. Allen, Halliburton Services, was chairman of the symposium.

5 Related ASTM Publications A Guide to the Safe Handling of Hazardous Materials Accidents, STP 825 (1983), Disposal of Oil and Debris Resulting from a Spill Cleanup Operation, STP 703 (1980), Chemical Dispersants for the Control of Oil Spills, STP 659 (1978),

6 A Note of Appreciation to Reviewers The quality of the papers that appear in this pubhcation reflects not only the obvious efforts of the authors but also the unheralded, though essential, work of the reviewers. On behalf of ASTM we acknowledge with appreciation their dedication to high professional standards and their sacrifice of time and effort. ASTM Committee on Publications

7 ASTM Editorial Staff Janet R. Schroeder Kathleen A. Greene Rosemary Horstman Helen M. Hoersch Helen P. Mahy Allan S. Kleinberg Susan L. Gebremedhin

8 Contents Introduction Laboratory Toxicity and Effectiveness Testing A Laboratory Approach for Determining the Effect of Oils and Dispersants on Mangroves CHARLES D. GETTER AND BART J. BACA 5 Toxicity Testing with Constant or Decreasing Concentrations of Chemically Dispersed Oil JACK W. ANDERSON, STEVE L. KIESSER, DENNIS L. McQUERRY, ROBERT G. RILEY, AND MARY L. FLEISCHMANN 14 Uniform Methods for Exposure Regimes in Aquatic Toxicology Experiments with Chemically Dispersed Oils PETER G. WELLS, J. W. ANDERSON, AND DONALD MACKAY 23 Measurement and Prediction of the Effectiveness of Oil Spill Chemical Dispersants DONALD MACKAY, ALFRED CHAU, KHON HOSSAIN, AND MARK BOBRA 38 The Status of the Warren Spring Laboratory's Rolling Flask Test FRANK N. MARTINELLI 55 A View of the Mackay and Labofina Laboratory Tests for Assessing Dispersant Effectiveness with Regard to Performance at Sea DEREK C. BYFORD AND PETER J. GREEN 69 A Review of the Relationship Between the Characteristics of Spilled Oil and Dispersant Effectiveness GERARD P. CANEVARI 87 The Drop-Weight Interfacial Tension Method for Predicting Dispersant Performance ROBERT T. REWICK, KAREN A. SABO, AND JAMES H. SMITH 94

9 Effectiveness of Oil Spill Dispersants at Low Salinities and Low Water Temperatures CAROLA M. LEHTINEN AND AINO-MAIJA VESALA 108 Field Effectiveness Chemical Oil Dispersion in Trials at Sea and in Laboratory Tests: The Key Role of Dilution Processes CHRISTIAN BOCARD, GILLES CASTAING, AND CLAUDE GATELLIER 125 The Use of Remote Sensing in the Determination of Dispersant Effectiveness RON H. GOODMAN AND MARGARET R. MACNEILL 143 An Evaluation Program for Aerially Applied Dispersants SHAWN D. GILL 161 Treatment of Oil Spill Fire Hazards with Chemical Dispersants: A Case History STEPHAN KAUFMANN 166 Fate and Effects The Toxicity of Oil Spill Dispersants to Marine Organisms: A Current Perspective PETER G. WELLS 177 The Effects of Dispersants on Incorporation of Volatile Liquid Hydrocarbons into the Water Column THOMAS J. MCDONALD, JAMES M. BROOKS, AND MAHLON C. KENNICUTT II 203 Recommended Methods for Testing the Fate and Effects of Dispersed Oil in Marine Sediments JACK w. ANDERSON, J. RICHARD VANDERHORST, STEVE L. KIESSER, MARY L. FLEISCHMANN, AND GIL W. FELLINGHAM 224 Comparison of the Fate and Ecological Effects of Dispersed and Nondispersed Oil in a Variety of Intertidal Habitats JENIFER M. BAKER, JOHN H. CROTHERS, DAVID I. LITTLE, JONATHAN H. OLDHAM, AND C. MARK WILSON 239 Tidal Area Dispersant Project: Fate of Dispersed and Undispersed Oil in Two Nearshore Test Spills DAVID S. PAGE, JUDITH C. FOSTER, JANET R. HOTHAM, DONNA VALLAS, EDWARD S. GILFILLAN, SHERRY A. HANSON, AND RAY P. GERBER 280

10 Effects of Test Spills of Chemically Dispersed and Nondispersed Oil on the Activity of Aspartate Aminotransferase and Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase in Two Intertidal Bivalves, Mya arenaria and Mytilus edulis EDWARD S. GILFILLAN, DAVID S. PAGE, SHERRY A. HANSON, JUDY FOSTER, JANET HOTHAM, DONNA VALLAS, AND RAY GERBER 299 The Toxicity of Oil and Chemically Dispersed Oil to the Seagrass Thalassia testudinum BART J. BACA AND CHARLES D. GETTER 314 Experimental Use of Dispersants for Spill Countermeasures on Arctic Beaches EDWARD H. OWENS, CARL R. FOGET, AND WISHART ROBSON 324 The Comparative Fate of Chemically Dispersed and Untreated Oils in an Arctic Nearshore Environment PAUL D. BOEHM 338 Contingency Planning and Guidelines Ecological Considerations for the Use of Dispersants in Oil Spill Response JUNE LINDSTEDT-SIVA, PETER H. ALBERS, KENNETH W. FUCIK, AND NANCY G, MAYNARD 363 Development and Implementation of Guidelines for Dispersant Use: Regional Response Teams ROBERT PAVIA AND RANDALL W. SMITH 378 A Mathematical Model for Predicting the Ecological Impact of Treated and Untreated Oil Spills B. K. TRUDEL 390 Oil Spill Dispersants: Does South Africa Have an Alternative? PIERS CHAPMAN 414 A Multifaceted Approach to Applying Dispersants O. LEON CRAIN 428 Summary 439 Indexes Subject Index 449 Name Index 463

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