Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e Chapter 14. All rights Reserved Cengage/NGL/South-Western 2016

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1 1 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016

2 Frensic Anthrplgy By the end f this chapter yu will be able t: 14.1 Summarize the infrmatin a frensic anthrplgist derives frm skeletal remains t cnstruct a bilgical prfile Distinguish amng grwth plates, bne caps, bne shafts, and sutures, and explain their significance fr frensic anthrplgy Cmpare and cntrast an adult s skeletn and a child s skeletn in terms f cmpsitin, number f bnes, suture marks, and grwth plates. 2 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016

3 Frensic Anthrplgy By the end f this chapter yu will be able t: 14.4 Apply knwledge f bne grwth (ssificatin) t estimate the age f the deceased at the time f death based n skeletal remains Apply apprpriate frmulas t estimate the height f a persn based n individual bne length Distinguish between male and female skeletal remains based n the structure, the size and shape f the skull, the pelvis, and the lng bnes. 3 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016

4 Frensic Anthrplgy By the end f this chapter yu will be able t: 14.7 Prvide examples f different types f skeletal trauma due t disease, injuries, ccupatin, r envirnmental factrs that can prvide clues t the identificatin f skeletal remains Discuss the significance f istpes in determining where smene lived Describe methds used t analyze skeletal remains, including radilgy, cmputer imaging, DNA technlgy, vide r phtgraphic superimpsitin, and cranifacial recnstructin. 4 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016

5 Vcabulary bilgical prfile jints diaphysis ssificatin epiphysis steprsis frensic anthrplgy skeletal trauma analysis grwth plate (epiphyseal plate) 5 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016

6 Intrductin Frensic anthrplgy uses skeletal anatmy t identify remains. After bnes are identified as human, the shape, structure, cnditin, and measurements f the remains are recrded. Other means f identifying remains include: DNA extractin Serial numbers f implanted medical devices 6 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016

7 Intrductin (cntinued) 7 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016

8 Histrical Develpment In 1878, The Identificatin f the Human Skeletn: A Mediclegal Study was published. In 1895, the first knwn use f cranifacial superimpsitin was used t identify the remains cmpser Jhann Sebastian Bach. In 1932, the FBI pened its first crime lab. In 1977, the American Bard f Frensic Anthrplgy (ABFA) was established. In 2014, an anthrplgy subcmmittee f OSAC was established t standardize recvery and analysis f human remains. 8 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016

9 Characteristics f Bne Bnes: Prvide the framewrk fr ur bdies Anchr ur muscles t allw mvement Prtect ur vital rgans 9 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016

10 Hw Bnes Cnnect A jint is the lcatin where bnes meet. Cartilage Ligaments Tendns 10 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016

11 Number and Develpment f Bnes A baby has 270 bnes. Adults have 206 bnes. Fr sme bnes, ssificatin takes mre than 50 years. 11 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016

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13 Bnes and Bilgical Prfiles Bnes cntain a "diary f injuries, disease, and nutritinal deficiencies. Brken bnes Ostearthritis Osteprsis Rickets Severe anemia Cancer 13 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016

14 Hw t Distinguish Males frm Females The verall appearance f the adult female s skeletn tends t be mre slender than that f an adult male s skeletn. Muscles tend t be mre develped in the male. The determinatin f sex by skeletal remains can nly be dne if the deceased is passed puberty. 14 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016

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18 Pelvis Examining the pelvis is ne f the mst reliable methds f determining the sex f an adult skeletn. 18 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016

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21 Pelvis (cntinued) T distinguish between the male and female pelvis, cmpare the fllwing: Subpubic angle Length, width, shape, and angle f the sacrum Width f the ilieum Angle f the sciatic ntch 21 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016

22 Bnes and Gegraphy Bnes indicate were yu have eaten yur fd. Strntium Carbn-13 Carbn Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016

23 Estimating Age 23 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016

24 Teeth 24 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016

25 Skull Suture Marks 25 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016

26 Skull Suture Marks 26 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016

27 Hw t Distinguish Ancestry 27 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016

28 Hw t Estimate Height 28 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016

29 Skeletal Trauma Analysis Skeletal trauma analysis is the prcess by which a frensic anthrplgist attempts t distinguish between damage t bnes made during life and damage t bnes caused by the envirnment in rganisms after death. 29 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016

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31 Skeletal Analysis and Identificatin Cmparative Radigraphy Nnimaged Recrds Cmparisn DNA Analysis Phtgraphic r Vide Superimpsitin Cranifacial Recnstructin 31 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016

32 Summary Bne cells are alive and carry n the same functins as ther bdy cells. Ossificatin is the frmatin f bne as calcium phsphate replaces cartilage. The cnditin and chemical analysis f bnes prvide clues t a persn s rigin, health, nutritin, ccupatin, and activity level during his r her life. Adult male and adult female skeletns differ in many ways, including the rughness and thickness f bnes, size and shape f the skull and pelvic bnes, and the shape f the pelvic cavity. 32 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016

33 Summary (cntinued) The age f a persn at death can be estimated frm the number f bnes and teeth, skull suture marks, the presence r absence f grwth plates, wear n bnes and teeth, alng with the bservatin f the surface f pubic and sternal rib bnes. The height f a persn can be estimated frm the length f the lng bnes in the arms and legs using standardized frmulas. (Estimates are mst accurate when the sex and ancestry f the deceased are knwn.) Current methds t identify skeletal remains include nuclear DNA STR prfiling; radilgy: X-rays, CT, and MRI scanning; phtgraphic facial superimpsitin; and facial recnstructin. 33 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016

34 Summary (cntinued) DNA extracted frm bnes is used t help establish individual identity using nuclear STR testing r t establish maternal ancestry using mitchndrial DNA. Familial ancestry thrugh the paternal line can be traced thrugh the Y chrmsme. Skeletal trauma analysis examines the bnes fr evidence f damage, which may prvide clues t the persn s identity and t the manner and cause f death. X-rays are used t reveal skeletal features, number f bnes, cnditins f bnes, previus fractures, implants, disease, and disrders f the bne. 34 Frensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigatins, 2e Cengage/NGL/Suth-Western 2016