The Hemiphractid Frogs

Transcription

1 The Hemiphractid Frogs Phylogeny, Embryology, Life History, and Cytogenetics. Reprint of: Cytogenetic and Genome Research 2012, Vol. 138, No. 2-4 Bearbeitet von M. Schmid, J.P. Bogart, S.B. Hedges 1. Auflage Buch. 316 S. Hardcover ISBN Gewicht: 1290 g Weitere Fachgebiete > Chemie, Biowissenschaften, Agrarwissenschaften > Entwicklungsbiologie > Molekularbiologie schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, ebooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte.

2 Contents Foreword Preface Acknowledgements Remarks Remarks on the Use of Scientific Names Remarks on the Illustrations, Tables and Appendices Remarks on Previous Publications Introduction Phylogeny, Classification and Biogeography of Hemiphractidae Phylogeny Classification Cryptobatrachus Ruthven, Flectonotus Miranda-Ribeiro, Stefania Rivero, Fritziana Mello-Leitão, Hemiphractus Wagler, Gastrotheca Fitzinger, Biogeography Reproduction, Oogenesis and Early Embryogenesis of Hemiphractidae Reproduction in Hemiphractid Frogs Multinucleated Oogenesis in Hemiphractid Frogs Multinucleated Oogenesis in Flectonotus pygmaeus Multinucleated Oogenesis in Gastrotheca ovifera and Other Hemiphractids Multinucleated Oocytes and Oocyte Accessory Cells of Other Animals Mononucleated Oogenesis in Gastrotheca riobambae Stages of Oogenesis Oogonia, Oocytes, Localization Phenomena and Germ Plasm S + 28S Ribosomal DNA Amplification S Ribosomal DNA Lampbrush Chromosomes and Interchromatin Granule Clusters Proteins of the Germinal Vesicle The Lamina-Associated Polypeptide 2 (LAP2) Cortical Granules Contents 73

3 1.2.4 From the Oocyte to the Fertilized Egg in the Gastrotheca riobambae Pouch Progesterone, Oocyte Maturation and Ovulation in Vertebrates Oocyte Maturation and Ovulation in Gastrotheca riobambae Egg-Membrane Permeability and Materno-Embryonic Exchanges Long-Lived Postovulatory Follicles Progesterone and Hormonal Control Egg Envelope and Oviduct Embryo Culture, Nitrogen Excretion and Embryogenesis Urea and the in vitro Culture of Embryos Nitrogen-Waste Excretion in Embryos and Larvae Embryonic Development in the Pouch Slow Development and Midblastula Transition Dorsal Convergence and Extension, Gastrulation and the Embryonic Disk Gastrocoel Roof Plate and Left-Right Asymmetry Urogenital System in Hemiphractidae Spermatogenesis in Hemiphractidae Developmental Biology and Life History of Hemiphractidae Population Declines and Conservation of Hemiphractidae Early Cytogenetic Studies on Hemiphractidae ( ) Materials and Methods Expeditions, Taxon Sampling and Breeding Experiments Species Examined Collection Sites Gonadal Sex Identification Allozyme Electrophoresis Direct Chromosome Preparations Lymphocyte Cultures Kidney Cell Cultures Replication Banding Patterns of Chromosomes Conventional Staining and Regional Banding of Chromosomes Restriction Endonuclease Banding of Chromosomes DNase I-Directed Nick Translation on Chromosomes Fluorescence in situ Hybridization of Telomeric DNA Repeats Radioactive in situ Hybridization of 18S + 28S rdna Fluorescence in situ Hybridization of 18S + 28S rdna Fluorescence in situ Hybridization of DMRT1, NR5A1 and FGF9 Probes Quantitative Determination of rdna Transcription Units Microscopic Analyses and Microphotography Karyotype Recording and Chromosome Analysis Measurements of Chromosome Sizes Interphase Cell Nuclei Preparations Measurement of Ag-Stained Nucleolar Areas and Total Nuclear Areas DNA Flow Cytometry Electron Microscope Studies of Spermiohistogenesis Molecular Phylogenetic Analyses Results and Discussion General Properties of Hemiphractid Karyotypes and Chromosomes Gastrotheca riobambae Conventional Chromosome Staining Sizes of Sex Chromosomes Constitutive Heterochromatin Nucleolus Organizer Regions Quantitative Determination of rdna Transcription Units Fluorescence Chromosome Staining Restriction Endonuclease Banding Contents

4 3.2.8 Ectopic Pairings Replication Banding Patterns Telomeric DNA Sequences Karyotype Aberrations in Cultured Fibroblast Cells Male Meiosis Spermatogenesis Gene Localization in Sex Chromosomes Sex-Determining Genes Evolution of Y-Specific Genes and Degeneration of Y Chromosomes Genome Size Gastrotheca pseustes Conventional Chromosome Staining Sizes of Sex Chromosomes Constitutive Heterochromatin Variability of Constitutive Heterochromatin Nucleolus Organizer Regions Fluorescence Chromosome Staining Replication Banding Patterns Male Meiosis Quantitative Analyses of Ag-Stained Nucleoli in Spermatogenesis Genome Size Gastrotheca walkeri Conventional Chromosome Staining Constitutive Heterochromatin Nucleolus Organizer Regions Fluorescence Chromosome Staining Restriction Endonuclease Banding Telomeric DNA Sequences Male Meiosis Genome Size Gastrotheca ovifera Conventional Chromosome Staining Constitutive Heterochromatin Nucleolus Organizer Regions Fluorescence Chromosome Staining Male Meiosis Gastrotheca peruana Conventional Chromosome Staining Constitutive Heterochromatin Nucleolus Organizer Regions Breakage of Nucleolus Organizer Regions Fluorescence Chromosome Staining Replication Banding Patterns Telomeric DNA Sequences DNase I-Directed Nick Translation on Chromosomes Gastrotheca espeletia Conventional Chromosome Staining Constitutive Heterochromatin Nucleolus Organizer Regions Fluorescence Chromosome Staining Telomeric DNA Sequences Replication Banding Patterns Number of B Chromosomes and Sex of Animals Genome Size Gastrotheca megacephala Conventional Chromosome Staining Constitutive Heterochromatin Nucleolus Organizer Regions Fluorescence Chromosome Staining Gastrotheca nicefori Conventional Chromosome Staining Contents 75

5 3.9.2 Constitutive Heterochromatin Nucleolus Organizer Regions Fluorescence Chromosome Staining Telomeric DNA Sequences Genome Size Gastrotheca monticola Conventional Chromosome Staining Constitutive Heterochromatin Nucleolus Organizer Regions Fluorescence Chromosome Staining Gastrotheca griswoldi Conventional Chromosome Staining Constitutive Heterochromatin Nucleolus Organizer Regions Fluorescence Chromosome Staining Gastrotheca andaquiensis Conventional Chromosome Staining Gastrotheca gracilis Conventional Chromosome Staining Gastrotheca cornuta Conventional Chromosome Staining Gastrotheca sp. A, B and C Gastrotheca sp. A Conventional Chromosome Staining Constitutive Heterochromatin Nucleolus Organizer Regions Fluorescence Chromosome Staining Gastrotheca sp. B Conventional Chromosome Staining Constitutive Heterochromatin Nucleolus Organizer Regions Gastrotheca sp. C Conventional Chromosome Staining Stefania scalae Conventional Chromosome Staining Constitutive Heterochromatin Nucleolus Organizer Regions Fluorescence Chromosome Staining Telomeric DNA Sequences Cryptobatrachus boulengeri Conventional Chromosome Staining Flectonotus pygmaeus Conventional Chromosome Staining Constitutive Heterochromatin Nucleolus Organizer Regions Fluorescence Chromosome Staining Male Meiosis Flectonotus fitzgeraldi Conventional Chromosome Staining Constitutive Heterochromatin Nucleolus Organizer Regions Fluorescence Chromosome Staining Fritziana goeldii Conventional Chromosome Staining Fritziana ohausi Conventional Chromosome Staining Fritziana fissilis Conventional Chromosome Staining Constitutive Heterochromatin in Anura Constitutive Heterochromatin in Hemiphractidae Polymorphisms of Constitutive Heterochromatin Contents

6 3.29 Polymorphisms of Constitutive Heterochromatin in Hemiphractidae Nucleolus Organizer Regions in Anura Nucleolus Organizer Regions in Hemiphractidae Telomeric DNA Sequences in Anura Telomeric DNA Sequences in Hemiphractidae Karyotype Evolution in Hemiphractidae and Orthobatrachia Centric Fissions Tandem Fusions Centric Fusions Inversions Neocentromere Formation Reciprocal Translocations Amplification and Deletion of Constitutive Heterochromatin Spontaneous Somatic Chromosome Aberrations in Hemiphractidae Genome Sizes in Amphibia Genome Sizes in Hemiphractidae Figures of Hemiphractid Frogs Figures of Habitats of Hemiphractid Frogs Figures of Habitat Loss in the Neotropics References Appendices Species Index Contents 77