Vocab Word 1: Interphase

Transcription

1 Vocab Word 1: Interphase Interphase is the phase of the cell cycle in which a typical cell spends most of its life. During this phase, the cell copies its DNA in preparation for mitosis. Interphase is the 'daily living' or metabolic phase of the cell, in which the cell obtains nutrients and metabolizes them, grows, reads its DNA, and conducts other "normal" cell functions. Interphase - This is where the cell spends most of its time just carrying on the normal functions of a cell or growth(40%), DNA Replication (45%), Preparation (energy building) for division (10%)

2 Vocab Word 2: Prophase Prophase the first stage of cell division, before metaphase, during which the chromosomes become visible as paired chromatids and the nuclear envelope disappears. The first prophase of meiosis includes the reduction division. Prophase - Pro means first. The nuclear membrane breaks down. Chromatin condenses into chromosomes they get short and fat. Centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell and Spindle fibers form.

3 Vocab Word 3: Metaphase Metaphase (from the Greek μετά, "adjacent" and φάσις, "stage") is a stage of mitosis in the eukaryotic cell cycle in which chromosomes are at their second-most condensed and coiled stage (they are at their most condensed in anaphase). These chromosomes, carrying genetic information, align in the equator of the cell before being separated into each of the two daughter cells. Metaphase: the second phase of cell division, during which the chromosomes become attached to the spindle fibers and line up across the center of the cell

4 Vocab Word 4: Anaphase Anaphase (from the Greek ἀνά, "up" and φάσις, "stage"), is the stage of mitosis after the metaphase when replicated chromosomes are split and the daughter chromatids are moved to opposite poles of the cell. Chromosomes also reach their overall maximum condensation in late anaphase, to help chromosome segregation and the re-formation of the nucleus. Anaphase: the phase of cell division in which the centromeres split and chromosomes move away from one another to opposite poles of the spindle.

5 Vocab Word 5: Telophase Telophase (from the Greek τέλος (télos), "end" and φάσις (phásis), "stage") is the final stage in both meiosis and mitosis in a eukaryotic cell. During telophase, the effects of prophase and prometaphase (the nuclear membrane and nucleolus disintegrating) are reversed. Telophase: the final phase of cell division, in which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed with nuclear envelope visible and the final stage of cytokinesis begins.

6 Vocab Word 6: Cytokinesis Cytokinesis is the part of the cell division process during which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell divides into two daughter cells. Cytoplasmic division begins during or after the late stages of nuclear division in mitosis and meiosis. Cytokinesis: The 3 rd and final stage of the cell cycle, in which the cell s cytoplasm divides, distributing the organelles into each of the two new daughter cells.

7 Vocab Word 7: Cell Plate Cytokinesis in plants occurs by cell plate formation. This process entails the delivery of Golgi-derived and endosomal vesicles carrying cell wall and cell membrane components to the plane of cell division and the subsequent fusion of these vesicles within this plate. Cell plate: A partition formed during cell division in plants that separates the two newly formed daughter cells that later becomes a new cell wall.

8 Vocab Word 8: Chromatid A chromatid (Greek khrōmat- 'color' + -id) is one copy of a newly copied chromosome which is still joined to the original chromosome by a single centromere. Chromatid: A chromatid is one-half of two identical copies of a replicated chromosome. During cell division, the identical copies are joined together at the region of the chromosome called the centromere.

9 Vocab Word 9: Centromere The centromere is the specialized DNA sequence of a chromosome that links a pair of sister chromatids (a dyad). During mitosis, spindle fibers attach to the centromere via the kinetochore. Centromeres were first thought to be genetic loci that direct the behavior of chromosomes. Centromere: A centromere is a region on a chromosome that joins two sister chromatids.

10 Vocab Word 10: Spindle Fibers Spindle fibers form a protein structure that divides the genetic material in a cell. The spindle is necessary to equally divide the chromosomes in a parental cell into two daughter cells during both types of nuclear division: mitosis and meiosis. Spindle fibers: A structure that divides the chromosomes in a cell into two equal daughter cells. (Tractor beams)

11 Vocab Word 11: Centrioles When two centrioles are found next to each other, they are usually at right angles. The centrioles are found in pairs and move towards the poles (opposite ends) of the nucleus when it is time for cell division. Centrioles: Small organelles near the nucleus that help the cell when it comes time to divide. They can only be seen when the cell is dividing. (Spaceships)

12 Vocab Word 12: DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information. DNA- is a molecule that encodes the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and many viruses.

13 Vocab Word 13: Replication DNA replication is semiconservative, meaning that each strand in the DNA double helix acts as a template for the synthesis of a new, complementary strand. This process takes us from one starting molecule to two "daughter" molecules, with each newly formed double helix containing one new and one old strand. Replication: The process by which a cell makes a copy of the DNA in its nucleus (happens in Interphase).

14 Vocab Word 14: Nucleotide Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids; they are composed of three subunit molecules: a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and at least one phosphate group. They are also known as phosphate nucleotides. Nucleotide: a small building block of DNA or RNA, (often floating free in the cytoplasm) and are composed of a nitrogenous base (C,G,A,T,U), a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and one phosphate group.

15 Vocab Word 15: Transcription mrna The instructions in a gene (written in the language of DNA nucleotides) are transcribed into a portable gene, called an mrna transcript. These mrna transcripts escape the nucleus and travel to the ribosomes, where they deliver their protein assembly instructions Transcription- the process by which genetic information on a strand of DNA is used to synthesize a strand of complementary mrna.

16 Vocab Word 16: Translation trna transfer RNA / trna. Transfer ribonucleic acid (trna) is a type of RNA molecule that helps decode a messenger RNA (mrna) sequence into a protein. trnas function at specific sites in the ribosome during translation, which is a process that synthesizes a protein from an mrna molecule. Translation- the process by which a messenger mrna(codon) molecule specifies the linear sequence of amino acids and trna(anticodon) does the translation of bases to amino acids on a ribosome for protein synthesis.

17 Vocab Word 15: Ribosomal rrna Ribosomal RNA (rrna), molecule in cells that forms part of the protein-synthesizing organelle known as a ribosome and that is exported to the cytoplasm to help translate the information in messenger RNA(mRNA) into protein. Ribosomal rrna- The RNA that is a permanent structural part of a ribosome. It makes up approximately 60% of the ribosome by weight.

18 Vocab Word 16: Codon A codon is a sequence of three DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis. DNA and RNA molecules are written in a language of four nucleotides; meanwhile, the language of proteins includes 20 amino acids. Codon - a sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule.

19 Vocab Word 19: Anticodon The anticodon region of a transfer RNA is a sequence of three bases that are complementary to a codon in the messenger RNA. During translation, the bases of the anticodon form complementary base pairs witht the bases of the codon by forming the appropriate hydrogen bonds. Anticodon: a transfer RNA sequence of three bases that match up with a codon in the messenger RNA. (example: GCU to CGA)

20 Vocab Word 20: Polymerase A DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase are used to assemble DNA and RNA molecules, respectively, by copying a DNA template strand using base-pairing interactions or RNA by half ladder replication. Polymerase- this is an enzyme that forms the DNA or RNA in replication, transcription and translation.