IMPACT OF PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY ON HORTICULTURE FOURTH REVISED AND ENLARGED EDITION

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2 IMPACT OF PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY ON HORTICULTURE FOURTH REVISED AND ENLARGED EDITION

3 Impact of Plant Biotechnology on HORTICULTURE FOURTH REVISED AND ENLARGED EDITION S. Prasad U. Kumar Agrobios (India)

4 S. Prasad Ex-Associate Professor of Horticulture Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner Dr. U. Kumar Managing Director Agrobios (India), Jodhpur Published by: AGROBIOS (INDIA) Agro House, Behind Nasrani Cinema Chopasani Road, Jodhpur Phone: , Fax: E. mail: All Rights Reserved (2012) First Edition 1997 Second Edition: 1999 Third Edition 2004 Fourth Revised Edition 2012 All rights reserved. No part of the book or part thereof, including the title of the book, be reprinted in any from or language without the written permission of the author and the publishers. The copyists shall be prosecuted. ISBN No.: Published by: Dr. Updesh Purohit for Agrobios (India), Jodhpur Laser Typeset at: Yashee Computers, Jodhpur Cover Design by: Reena Printed at: Krishna Offset, Jodhpur

5 PREFACE The term biotechnology encompasses a wide array of techniques through which humans employ biological processes to provide useful products. More recently, the term has come to mean the collection of techniques that allow the direct manipulation of specific pieces of genetic material within and between organisms. There are many applications of biotechnology in crop improvement. Modern biotechnology holds considerable promise to meet challenges in agricultural production. It is used in horticultural crops to develop commercial processes and products which also includes the techniques of Recombinant DNA, gene transfer, embryo manipulation, plant regeneration, cell culture, monoclonal antibodies and bio-processed engineering. These techniques can transform ideas into practical applications, viz, certain crops can be genetically altered to increase their tolerance to certain herbicides. Biotechnology can be used to develop safer vaccines against viral and bacterial diseases. It also offers new ideas and techniques applicable to agriculture and also develops a better understanding of living systems of our environment and ourselves. It has a tremendous potential fir improving crop production, animal agriculture and bio-processing. New approaches in biotechnology can develop high yielding and more nutritious crop varieties, improve resistance to disease and also reduce the need for fertilizer and other expensive agricultural chemicals. Plant biotechnologies play a key role in the massive production of improved horticultural crop varieties (through in vitro tissue culture followed by clonal propagation), as well as in their genetic improvement. They can also help in propagating plant species which contain useful and biologically active substances, eg., food additive, pigment, pharmaceuticals, biopesticides, etc. Organ tissue and cell culture could be more efficient than conventional extraction. It also helps unlocking the secrets of diseases resistance, regulates growth and development or manipulates communication among cells and among other organisms. India has a wide variety of climate and soil on which a large range of horticultural crops such as, fruits; vegetables, potato and other tropical tuber crops; ornamental, medicinal and aromatic plants; plantation crops; spices, cashew and cocoa are grown. The horticulture scenario of the country is rapidly changing. The production and productivity of horticultural crops have increased manifold. Production of fruits and vegetables has tripled in the last 50 years. The productivity has gone up by three times in banana and by 2.5 times in potato. Today horticultural crops cover about 25 per cent of total agricultural exports of the country. The corporate sector is also showing greater interest in horticulture. A major shift in consumption pattern of fresh and processed fruits and vegetables is expected in the coming century. There will be greater technology adoption both in traditional horticultural enterprise as well as in commercial

6 horticulture sectors. Diversification and value addition will be the key words in the Indian horticulture in the 21st Century. The present book is an attempt to present overall information and techniques of biotechnology for horticultural crop improvement. The book includes chapters: Horticulture and Biotechnology: An Overview, Biotechnology Researches: Promotion and Priorities in India, Applications of Genetic Engineering in Horticulture, Enzymes in Genetic Engineering (Nucleic Acid Enzymology), Gene Cloning Vectors, Techniques for Genetic Engineering, Genetic Engineering Techniques of Producing New Horticultural Crop Varieties, Expression of Induced Genes, Gene Silincing and Antisense Technology, Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) Technique, Scopes and Achievements of Genetically Modified Crops, Eco-Social Impact of Genetically Modified Crops, Plant Tissue Culture: Principles and Methodology, Histological, Photographic Techniques and Indexing for Plant Pathogens of Plant Tissue Culture, Protoplast Technology, Micropropagation in Plants, Somatic Embryogenesis, Synseeds or Synthetic Seeds, Somaclonal and Gametoclonal Variant Selection, Gynogenesis and Crop Improvement, Plant Tissue Culture Some Related Aspects, Fruit and Plantation Crops Improvement Through Biotechnology, Vegetable Crop Improvement Through Biotechnology, Spices and Condiments Improvement through Biotechnology, Improvement of Flower Crops Through Biotechnology, Biotechnology of Biofertilizers, Biotechnology Production of Secondary Plant Metabolites, Selected Bibliography, Glossary, Abbreviations Acronyms, Appendix and Subject Index. Authors

7 CONTENTS CHAPTER HORTICULTURE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY: AN OVERVIEW The Domestication of Plants Definitions of Domestication and the Nature of the Evidence Agricultural Biotechnologies and Breeding: A Historical perspectives Origin and Definition: Old Vs New Biotechnology Definitions Multiple faces of Agricultural Biotechnology The Power of Biotechnology biotechnology: Strategies for Horticultural development Genetic engineering techniques Gene Transfer to Enhance Horticulture Isolation of Important Genes Gene Transfer Technology Molecular Markers Marker-Assisted Selection: Fast Track to New Crop Varieties Molecular Shortcut Marked Benefits Marker-Assisted Selection DNA Fingerprinting Genetic Engineering of Microorganisms Associated with Plants Genetically Modified (GM) Crops Protein (or Enzyme) Engineering Tissue Culture Techniques Tissue Culture: Production of True to Type Plant Tissue culture techniques to increase genetic variability Protoplast culture and micropropagation Somatic Hybrids and Cybrids Production of virus-free plants Shoot Tip Micrografting... 51

8 Micropropagation Techniques Propagation by Axillary Shooting Propagation by Direct or Indirect Organogenesis Improvement of Axillary Branching Somatic Embryogenesis Propagation Synseeds Somaclonal variations Haplodiploidisation Germplasm Conservation (Gene Bank) Microbial Biopesticides, Biofungicied, Herbicides and Agricultural Antibiotics Use of Biotechnology in Biocide Production Biosensors, Biochips, Biofilms and Biosurfactents Biosensors Biochips Biofilm Biosurfactents Monoclonal Antibody Technologies New Approaches to Crop Production The Genetic Engineering of Plants The Genetic Engineering of Microorganisms Associated with Plants Genetic Engineering for Crop Protection Bioprocessing opportunities Other Products CHAPTER BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCHES: PROMOTION AND PRIORITIES IN INDIA Indian Council of Agricultural Research s Vision for Development of agriculture Role of Indian Institute of Horticultural Research CPRI, Shimla IISR, Calicut ICGEB, New Delhi Bioinformatics Biotechnology and Horticulture in North Eastern Hill Region Micropropagation of Fruit Crops Floriculture Crop Anther / Microspore Culture Biotechnology board set up in Tamil Nadu Gene Banking, Conservation and Exchange in India Plant Molecular Biological Researches Service Oriented Infrastructural Facilities Bioinformatics Current Status of Biotechnology in India... 67

9 CHAPTER APPLICATIONS OF GENETIC ENGINEERING IN HORTICULTURE Biological Molecular Markers Assisted Breeding Transgenic Plants Engineered Resistance against Herbicide Modification of the Target Resistance against Glyphosate Resistance Against Sulfonylurea and Imidazolinone Herbicides Resistance Against Phosphinothricin Resistance Against Atrazine Detoxification or Degradation of Herbicide Engineered Resistance against Pest Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxins Pseudomonas flourescens that Secretes Bt Toxin Protease Inhibitors Gene for other Insecticidal Secondary Metabolites Engineered Resistance against Viral Infection Cross Protection Coat Protein Mediated Protection Antisense RNA Mediated Protection Satellite RNA Mediated Protection Defective Interfering Mediated Protection Replicase Mediated Protection Engineered Resistance against fungal pathogen Genetic Engineering and Plant Lipids Genetic Engineering and Storage proteins Genetic engineering for nitrogen fixation Transfer of nif-genes from Klebsiella pneumoniae to E. coli Transfer of nif-genes of Eukaryotic Organisms Transfer of nod-genes to Increase Host Range Plants that Produce Plastic Miscellaneous Applications CHAPTER ENZYMES IN GENETIC ENGINEERING (NUCLEIC ACID ENZYMOLOGY) Storage of DNA and handling of enzymes Restriction Endonucleases Types of Restriction Enzymes Naming of Restsriction Endonucleases Target Sites of Restriction Endonucleases Restriction Endonucleases in Genetic Engineering Ligases Activity of Ligases Blunt-ended ligation... 87

10 Source of DNA Ligases Applications of DNA Ligases Alkaline Phosphatase Applications of Alkaline Phosphatase Polynucleotide Kinase Applications of Polynucleotide Kinase Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase Application of Terminal Transferase S1 Nuclease Applications of S1 Nuclease DNA Polymerase I, Holoenzyme Applications of DNA Poly I DNA Polymerase I, Klenow Fragment Applications of Klenow Fragment T4 DNA Polymerase Taq DNA Polymerase Ribonuclease (RNase H) Reverse Transcriptase Applications of Reverse Transcriptase Poly (A) Polymerase Deoxyribonuclease I Applications of DNase I CHAPTER GENE CLONING VECTORS Plasmids Replication of Plasmids Size of Plasmids Copy Number Amplification of the Plasmid Types of Plasmids Isolation of Plasmid DNA Criteria for Plasmid Cloning Cloning Vectors Based on Bacterial Plasmids Plasmid pbr Col E1 Plasmid DNA Col E 1 Amp Plasmid DNA pbr 325 Plasmid DNA pmb9 Plasmid DNA ptz Plasmids Bacteriophage Vectors For E. coli Phage as a Vector Lambda Insertion Vectors M13 Bacteriophage Genetic Organisation of Wild Type Bacteriophage M

11 Impact of Plant Biotechnology on Horticulture (4th Ed) Publisher : Agrobios Publications ISBN : Author : Prasad S Type the URL : Get this ebook