CHANGING RESEARCH PRIORITIES

Transcription

1 2000 nano F. Frankel - copyright CHANGING RESEARCH PRIORITIES IN NANOSCALE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Mike Roco National Science Foundation and National Nanotechnology Initiative

2 Topics Nanotechnology timeline: Main outcomes at 10 years Changing R&D priorities Outlook for the future Related publications Nanotechnology: From Discovery to Innovation and Socioeconomic Projects (2011) The Long View of Nanotechnology development: the NNI at 10 Years (2011) Nanotechnology Research Directions for Societal Needs in 2020 (2011) Mapping Nanotechnology Innovation and Knowledge: Global and Longitudinal Patent and Literature Analysis (2009) 10-year vision documents, 3-year strategic plans, 1-year plans and topical workshops:

3 Nanotechnology at the core of convergence of new emerging technologies (foundational tools) R&D Broad Use IT BIO NANO NBIC NSF Education Cogno! (brain-behavior,.)! (neurotechnology,.)! (cultural,.) Information Technology Research Info NBIC System approach Nano National Nanotechnology Initiative USDA Roadmaps NIH Roadmaps NSF Biocomplexity Bio, its resources! biotechnology,.! environmental resources: food, water, energy, climate Reference: MC Roco, J Nanopart Res, 2000

4 Examples of emerging technologies and corresponding U.S. long-term S&T projects Justified mainly by societal/application factors (examples) Manhattan Project, WW2 (centralized, goal focused, simultaneous paths) Project Apollo (centralized; goal focused) AIDS Vaccine Discovery ( big science model, Gates Foundation driven) IT SEMATECH (Roadmap model, industry driven) Justified mainly by science and technology potential, following a competitive process National Nanotechnology Initiative (bottom-up, science opportunity-born for a general purpose technology)

5 Springer, 1999 Benchmark with experts in over 20 countries in WHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY? Nanostructure Science and Technology NNI preparatory Report, Springer, 1999 Nanotechnology Definition for the R&D program Working at the atomic, molecular and supramolecular levels, in the length scale of ~ 1 nm (a small molecule) to ~ 100 nm range, in order to understand, create and use materials, devices and systems with specific, fundamentally new properties and functions because of their small structure (natural threshold) NNI definition encourages new R&D that were not possible before: - the ability to control and restructure matter at nanoscale - collective effects new phenomena novel applications - integration along length scales, systems and applications MC Roco, WH, March

6 Vision for nanotechnology in the next decade, based on R&D definition focused on behavior Springer, 1999 Systematic control of matter on the nanoscale will lead to a revolution in technology and industry - Change the foundations from micro to nano - Create a general purpose technology (similar IT) More important than miniaturization itself: Novel properties/ phenomena/ processes/ natural threshold Unity and generality of principles Most efficient length scale for manufacturing, biomedicine Show transition from basic phenomena and components to system applications in 10 areas and 10 scientific targets MC Roco, WH, March

7 Periodic table Atom diameters ~ 0.1 nm Hydrogen, Carbon ~ 0.5 nm Gold, Platinum A small molecule about 1 nm

8 Natural and synthetic nanoscale modules ~1 to 100 nm Examples for first level of organization of atoms and molecules with a large variety of structures, properties and functions

9 Nanoproducts and Nanomanufacturing - Fragmentation - Patterning - Restructuring of bulk - Lithography,.. From Nanoscale Modules - Interfaces, field & boundary control - Positioning assembly - Integration,.. - System engineering - Device architecture - Integration,.. - Nanosystem biology - Emerging systems - Hierarchical integration.. Assembling - Directed selfassembling, - Templating, - New molecules - Multiscale selfassembling, - In situ processing,.. - Eng. molecules as devices, - Quantum control, - Synthetic biology.. PASSIVE - ACTIVE - SYSTEMS OF - MOLECULAR NANOSTRUCTURES NANOSTR. NANOSYSTEMS NANOSYSTEMS

10 Introduction of New Generations of Products and Productive Processes ( ) Timeline for beginning of industrial prototyping and nanotechnology commercialization 2000 Higher uncertainty & risk 1 st : Passive nanostructures (1 st generation products) Ex: coatings, nanoparticles, nanostructured metals, polymers, ceramics ~ nd : Active nanostructures Ex: 3D transistors, amplifiers, targeted drugs, actuators, adaptive structures CMU ~ rd : Nanosystems Ex: guided assembling; 3D networking and new hierarchical architectures, robotics, evolutionary ~ Reference: AIChE Journal, Vol. 50 (5), th : Molecular nanosystems Ex: molecular devices by design, atomic design, emerging functions Converging technologies Ex: nano-bio-info from nanoscale, cognitive technologies; large complex systems from nanoscale Increase Complexity & Integration

11 N e w a r e e a E N V I R O N M E N T E L E C T R O N I C S M A N U F A C T U R I N G S E C U R I T Y H E A L T H C A R E T R A N S P O R T I N S T R U M E N T S E N E R G Y Infrastructure Workforce Partnerships M A T E R I A L S NS&E integration for general purpose technology ~ 2011 ~ 2020 Direct measurements; Science-based design and processes; Collective effects; Create nanosystems by technology integration New disciplines New industries Societal impact Foundational interdisciplinary research at nanoscale ~ 2001 ~ 2010 Indirect measurements, Empirical correlations; Single principles, phenomena, tools; Create nanocomponents by empirical design CREATING A NEW FIELD AND COMMUNITY IN TWO FOUNDATIONAL STEPS ( 2000 ~ 2020 ) Mass Application of Nanotechnology after ~ 2020 nano1

12 Nanotechnology: from discovery to innovation and socioeconomic projects ( ) nano1 ( ) ( ) NSF/WTEC,

13 NNI timeline ( ) Interagency group (11/1996); NNI is proposed at WH (3/1999); Competition OMB (10/1999); PCAST supports NNI (12/1999); President Clinton announces NNI in 1/2000 NNI/NSTC subcommittee established (8/2000); NNI begins (10/2000); MOU for NNI coordination and NNCO (1/2001); NanoBusiness Alliance President Bush signs 21 st Century Nanotechnology R&D Act (12/2003); International Dialogue initiated by NNI (6/2004), followed by OECD, ISO President Obama approves PCAST (2010) vision for NNI to 2020 NNI Signature Initiatives ( ) for creating nanosystems Institutionalize NSE ( ) for general purpose technology

14 DOE NIH OSTP OMB NSF DOD NIST FDA NASA NIOSH USDA NIFA DOS DOTr DOT DNI National Nanotechnology Initiative Collaborative, multi-agency, cross-cut program among 25 Federal agencies with a range of research, industry, trade, educational and regulatory roles and responsibilities USDA FS EPA NRC USPTO USGS DOL DOJ DOC BIS DHS CPSC ITC DOEd

15 Estimates show an average quasi-exp growth rate of key nanotechnology indicators of 16% - 33% World. (US) 2000 (actual) 2010 (actual) average growth 2015 (estimation in 2000) 2020 (extrapolation) Evolving Topics People -primary workforce ~ 60,000 (25,000) ~ 600,000 (220,000) ~ 25% (~23%) ~ 2,000,000 (800,000) ~ 6,000,000 (2,000,000) SCI papers 18,085 (5,342) 78,842 (17,978) ~ 16% (~13%) Patents applications 1,197 (405) ~ 20,000 (5,000) ~ 33% (~28%) Final Products Market ~ $30 B ($13 B) ~ $300 B ($110 B) ~ 25% (~24%) ~ $1,000B ($400B) ~ $3,000B ($1,000B) R&D Funding public + private ~ $1.2 B ($0.37 B) ~ $18 B ($4.1 B) ~ 31% (~27%) Venture Capital ~ $0.21 B ($0.17 B) ~ $1.3 B ($1.0 B) ~ 30% (~35%) Research frontiers change from passive nanostructures in , to active nanostructures after 2006, and to nanosystems after 2010

16 Context Nanotechnology in the World Changing international context: National government investments (estimation NSF) federal/national government R&D funding (NNI definition) Country / Region Gov. Nano R&D 2010 ($M) Specific Nano R&D 2008 ($/Capita) USA ~ 1,781 ~ 5.8 IWGN NNI Industry $ > Public $ EU-27 ~ 2,200 ~ 5.9 Japan ~ 950 ~ 7.3 China ~ 550 ~ 0.5 Korea ~ 310 ~ 6.0 Taiwan ~ 110 ~ 4.5 Seed funding NNI Preparation vision/benchmark 1 st Generation products passive nanostructures 2 nd Generation active nanostructures Rapid, uneven growth per countries 3 rd Generation nanosystems

17 Nanoscale Science and Engineering FY 2012 C.P.: $426M across NSF Fundamental research and innovation in all areas of science and engineering: ~5,000 active projects in all 50 states in 2011 Training and education: >10,000 students and teachers/y; ~$30M/y Infrastructure: 30 large centers, 2 large user facilities (NNIN and NCN), ~ 100 universities with major equipment and NSE teams 600 Investment ($M) NSE ARRA CP

18 Publications 26,000 24,000 22,000 20,000 18,000 16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 NANOTECHNOLOGY OUTPUTS AT 10 YEARS Nanotechnology publications in the Science Citation Index (SCI) Data was generated using Title-abstract search in SCI database for nanotechnology by keywords (Chen and Roco, NRC, 2012) USA Japan EU27 China Korea Worldwide annual growth rate - 16% Rapid, uneven growth per countries

19 Percent of nanotechnology publications by country in Science, Nature, and Proceedings of NAS, Data was generated using Title-abstract search in SCI database for nanotechnology by keywords (Chen and Roco, NRC, 2012) Different countries' contributions in top 3 journals' nanotechnology paper publications (title-abstract search) 100% 90% 80% 70% USA ~ 65% in 2011 USA 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Percentage Japan China Germany France Year U.S. maintain the lead in highly cited publications

20 WORDWIDE NUMBER OF NANOTECHNOLOGY PATENT APPLICATIONS Total number of nanotechnology applications per year 14,000 12,000 Year All applications Non-overlapping All applications Non-overlapping applications Number of Patent Applications 10,000 8,000 6,000 4, ,197 1, ,776 10,067 2, Worldwide annual growth rate = 34.5% Y. Dang, et al., J. Nanoparticle Research, 2010 Year

21 WORLDWIDE MARKET INCORPORATING NANOTECNOLOGY NANOTECNOLOGY ( ) (Estimation made in 2000 in after 2000 international after international study > 20 countries; study in data > standing 20 countries) in 2008) ~ $40B ~ $120B ~ $250B $1T by 2015 NT in the main stream $3T by 2020 Final products incorporating nanotechnology in the world ~ $91B, U.S. World annual rate of increase ~ 25%; Double each ~ 3 years Nanosystems by design Active nanostructures Passive nanostructures Rudimentary Complex Reference: Roco and Bainbridge, Springer, 2001

22 Percentage of nanotechnology content in NSF awards, ISO papers and USPTO patents ( ) (update after Encyclopedia Nanoscience, 2012) Percentage of NSE Awards/Patents/Papers 14% 13% Top 20 Journals' Nano Paper Percentage 2011 Top nano J. ~ 13% 12% 3 Selected Journals' Nano Paper Percentage NSF-NSE Award / Paper / Patent Percentage 11% 10% 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% Title-claim Search's Nano Patent Percentage NSF Nano New Award Percentage Documents searched by keywords in the title and abstract/claims 2011 NSF grants ~ 11% 2011 All journals ~ 5% 2011 USPTO patents ~ 1.9% 1% 2011 Market /US GDP ~0.8% 0% Year Similar, delayed penetration curves: for R&D funding /papers /patents /products /ELSI

23 Main nanotechnology outcome at 10 years Foundational knowledge of nature by control of matter at the nanoscale Global interdisciplinary community (~ 600,000) for R&D, nano-ehs and ELSI Science & technology (S&T) breakthroughs Novel methods and tools Extensive multi-domain infrastructure New education & innovation ecosystems New industries with increased added value Solutions for sustainable development

24 (A) S&T Outcomes Remarkable scientific discoveries than span better understanding of the smallest living structures, uncovering the behaviors and functions of matter at the nanoscale, and creating a library of 1D - 4D nanostructured building blocks for devices and systems; Towards periodical table for nanostructures. New S&E fields have emerged such as: spintronics (2001), plasmonics (2004), metamaterials, carbon nanoelectronics, molecules by design, nanofluidics, nanobiomedicine, nanoimaging, nanophotonics, opto-genetics, synthetic biology, branches of nanomanufacturing, and nanosystems Technological breakthroughs in advanced materials, biomedicine, catalysis, electronics, and pharmaceuticals; expansion into energy resources and water filtration, agriculture and forestry; and integration of nanotechnology with other emerging areas such as quantum information systems, neuromorphic engineering, and synthetic and system nanobiology

25 Example: Emergence of Plasmonics after 2004 Plasmonics: Merging photonics, electronics and materials at nanoscale dimensions Number of NSF Awards Number of Awards

26 The First Quantum Machine Science 17 December 2010: vol. 330 no The simplest quantum states of motion with a vibrating device was measured (the board of aluminum is as long as a hair is wide). It can absorb and emit energy only in quanta proportional to the beam s frequency; continuously in motion about a zero-point motion; two states (Aaron O'Connell and Andrew Cleland, UCSB, 2010)

27 Discovery of Nanoscale Repulsion Federico Capasso, Harvard University A repulsive force arising at nanoscale was identified similar to attractive repulsive Casimir- Lifshitz forces. As a gold-coated sphere was brought closer to a silica plate - a repulsive force around one ten-billionth of a newton was measured starting at a separation of about 80 nanometers. For nanocomponents of the right composition, immersed in a suitable liquid, this repulsive force would amount to a kind of quantum levitation that would keep surfaces slightly apart

28 Example : Mechanism of selfassembling of a carbon nanotube Nanotubes Spin as They Grow on a Catalyst Field-emission microscopy demonstrates rotation of a growing tube. The atomic wall-tapestry of nanotubes depends on the rate of this rotation (B. Yacobson et al, PNAS, 2009)

29 How to Teleport Quantum Information from One Atom to Another Chris Monroe, University of Maryland, NSF Teleportation to transfer a quantum state over a significant distance from one atom to another was achieved. Teleportation carries information between entangled atoms. Two ions are entangled in a quantum way in which actions on one can have an instant effect on the other Experiments have attempted to teleport states tens of thousands of times per second. But only about 5 times in every billion attempts do they get the simultaneous signal at the beam splitter telling them they can proceed to the final step.

30 Self-Assembling DNA Makes 3-D Nano Machines Ned Seeman, NY University Examples: - Programmable nanoscale machines achieved by DNA Self-assembly - A two-armed nanorobotic device that can manipulate molecules within a device made of DNA

31 IBM magnetic storage is at 100 times denser than hard disk drives and solid state memory chips Antiferromagnetic order in an iron atom array on copper nitrate revealed by spin-polarized imaging with a scanning tunneling microscope - area 4 x 16 nm (Bistability in Atomic-Scale Antiferromagnets, Loth, Baumann, C Lutz, Eigler and Heinrich, Science Jan 2012)

32 Silicon Nanophotonics - chip with three layers Yurii Vlasov, IBM

33 Graphite + water = high density energy storage (G. Jiang, 2011) Keeping graphene moist in gel form provides repulsive forces between the sheets and prevents re-stacking, making it ready for energy storage applications

34 FDA-approved and commercially available pointof-care diagnostic methods can enable early disease detection based on blood analysis Up to six orders of magnitude more sensitive than current approach ELISA for proteins

35 Advanced Nanomanufacturing Roll-to-roll production of graphene for transparent conducting electrodes graphene on copper on large surfaces U. Texas Austin Korea/Japan/Singapore Collaboration S. Bae, et al. Nature Nanotech. 2010

36 Example for hierarchical selfassembling - 4th NT generation (in research) Example: Designing new molecules with engineered structures and functionalities EX: - Biomaterials for human repair: nerves, tissues, wounds (Sam Stupp, NU) - New nanomachines, robotics - DNA architectures (Ned Seeman, Poly. Inst.) - Designed molecules for self-assembled porous walls (Virgil Percec, U. PA) - Self-assembly processing for artificial cells (Matt Tirrell, UCSB) - Block co-polymers for 3-D structures on surfaces (U. Mass, U. Wisconsin) - Polymeric surfaces with 3-D folding (U. Maryland)

37 NSF (2001-): Converging technologies (NBIC) - Examples of new transdisciplinary domains Quantum information science (IT; Nano and subatomic physics; System approach for dynamic/ probabilistic processes, entanglement and measurement) Eco-bio-complexity (Bio; Nano; System approach for understanding how macroscopic ecological patterns and processes are maintained based on molecular mechanisms, evolutionary mechanisms; interface between ecology and economics; epidemiological dynamics) Neuromorphic engineering (Nano, Bio, IT, neurosc.) Cyber-physical systems (IT, NT, BIO, others) Synthetic & system biology (Bio, Nano, IT, neuroscience) Cognitive enhancers (Bio, Nano, neuroscience) MC Roco, April 26, 2012

38 (B) : Novel Methods and Tools Femtosecond measurements with atomic precision in domains of biological and engineering relevance Sub-nanometer measurements of molecular electron densities Single-atom and single-molecule characterization methods Scanning probe tools for printing, sub-50 nm desktop fab Simulation from basic principles has expanded to assemblies of atoms 100 times larger than in 2000 New measurements: negative index of refraction in IR/visible wavelength radiation, Casimir forces, quantum confinement, nanofluidics, nanopatterning, teleportation of information between atoms, and biointeractions at the nanoscale. Each has become the foundation for new domains in science and engineering

39 4D Microscope Revolutionizes the Way We Look at the Nano World A. Zewail, Caltech, and winner of the 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry Nanodrumming of graphite, visualized with 4D microscopy. Use of ultra short laser flashes to observe fundamental motion and chemical reactions in real-time (timescale of a femtosecond, s), with 3D real-space atomic resolution. Allows for visualization of complex structural changes (dynamics, chemical reactions) in real space and real time. Such visualization may lead to fundamentally new ways of thinking about matter

40 (C) Infrastructure and R&D - NNI illustrations - Infrastructure - Developed an extensive infrastructure of interdisciplinary research of ~ 100 large centers, networks and user facilities - Educate and train > 10,000 students and teachers per year ~ 1,000 new curricula in accredited research universities ; ~ 30 associate degree nanotechnology programs - Established networks for ELSI and public awareness R&D&I Results With ~22% of global government investments, U.S. accounts for ~ 70% of startups in nanotechnology worldwide > 2,500 U.S. nanotech companies with products in 2010, with $110B (~38% of the world) products incorporating nano parts

41 About 100 major NNI centers, networks, user facilities

42 TOOLS Ten Nanoscale Science and Engineering networks with national outreach Network for Computational Nanotechnology (2002-) > 180,000 users/ 2011 National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network (2003-) ~ 7,000 users/ 2011 TOPICAL Nationwide Impact Nanotechnology Center Learning and Teaching ( ) Nanoscale Informal Science Education Network (2005-) >200 sites/ 5yr Network for Nanotechnology in Society (2005-) Involves academia,public,industry Nanotech Applications and Career Knowledge (2008- ) nanotechnology educ. National Nanomanufacturing Network (2006-) 4 NSETs, DOD centers, and NIST Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (2008-) with EPA GENERAL RESEARCH AND EDUCATION NSEC Network (2001-) 19 research and education centers MRSEC Network (2001-) about 2/3 cover NSE MC Roco, April

43 National Nanomanufacturing Network (2006- ) Its core: Four Nanomanufacturing NSECs Center for Hierarchical Manufacturing (CHM) - U. Mass Amherst/UPR/MHC/Binghamton Center for High-Rate Nanomanufacturing (CHN) - Northeastern/U. Mass Lowell/UNH Center for Scalable and Integrated Nanomanufacturing (SINAM) - UC Berkeley/UCLA/UCSD/Stanford/UNC Charlotte Center for Nanoscale Chemical-Electrical-Mechanical Manufacturing Systems (Nano-CEMMS) - UIUC/CalTech/NC A&T Open-access network Director: Mark Tuominen beta.internano.org MC Roco, April 26,

44 NETWORK FOR COMPUTATIONAL NANOTECHNOLOGY nanohub.org is a resource for the global Nanotechnology Community. The map below indicates a red-peg for every nanohub user on the planet. est. 190,000 users / 2012 NSF ~ $20 / user Support global eco-systems via COLLABORATION

45 University of Washington Stanford University National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network (NNIN) University of Colorado University of California at Santa Barbara Arizona State University University of Minnesota Washington University University of Texas at Austin Cornell University of University Michigan Harvard University Pennsylvania State University Howard University Georgia Institute of Technology An integrated national network of 14 user facilities providing researchers open access to resources, instrumentation and expertise in all domains of nanoscale science, engineering and technology Est. 6,800 users / 2011 NSF ~$2,500 / user

46 Five DOE Nanoscale Science Research Centers (NSRCs)

47 NCI Nanotechnology Alliance Center and Platform Awards Nanotechnology Platform for Pediatric Brain Cancer Imaging and Therapy, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash. Novel Cancer Nanotechnology Platforms for Photodynamic Therapy and Imaging, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, N.Y. Multifunctional Nanoparticles in Diagnosis and Therapy of Pancreatic Cancer, State University of New York, Buffalo, N.Y. Integrated System for Cancer Biomarker Detection, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass. MIT-Harvard Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Cambridge, Mass. Detecting Cancer Early with Targeted Nano-probes for Vascular Signatures, University of California, San Francisco, Calif. Nanosystem s Biology Cancer Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif. Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence Focused on Therapy Response, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. Center of Nanotechnology for Treatment, Understanding, and Monitoring of Cancer, University of California, San Diego, Calif. Nanotechnology Platform for Targeting Solid Tumors, The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, San Diego, Calif. Hybrid Nanoparticles in Imaging and Therapy of Prostate Cancer, University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo. Near-Infrared Fluorescence Nanoparticles for Targeted Optical Imaging University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas DNA-linked Dendrimer Nanoparticle Systems for Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. Nanomaterials for Cancer Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Ill. The Siteman Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence at Washington University, St. Louis, Mo. Metallofullerene Nanoplatform for Imaging and Treating Infiltrative Tumor, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va. Emory-Georgia Tech Nanotechnology Center for Personalized and Predictive Oncology, Atlanta, Ga. Carolina Center of Cancer Nanotechnolog y Excellence, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C. Nanotherapeutic Strategy for Multidrug Resistant Tumors, Northeastern University, Boston, Mass. Photodestruction of Ovarian Cancer: ErbB3 Targeted Aptamer- Nanoparticle Conjugate, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass. Centers of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence (8) Cancer Nanotechnology Platform Partnerships (12)

48 Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory NCL is a formal collaboration between NCI, FDA and NIST Collaborations within NIH, and with FDA, NIST, NIEHS NTP, EPA and others 24 efficacy/tox/pk studies per year 48

49 Key NSF/NNI education networks in 2010 Nanotechnology Research Directions for..2020, 2010, p. XVIII

50 NSF investment in nanoscale science and engineering education, moving over time to broader and earlier education and training 2000 Graduate Education Programs (curriculum development) 2002 Undergraduate Education Program 2003 High School Education Programs K-12 and Informal (museum) 2006 Technological Education Network Nanotechnology Research Directions for..2020, 2010, p. 360

51 (D) : Ten highly promising products incorporating nanotechnology Catalysts Transistors and memory devices Structural applications (coatings, hard materials, CMP) Biomedical applications (detection, implants,.) Treating cancer and chronic diseases Energy storage (batteries), conversion and utilization Water filtration Video displays Optical lithography and other nanopatterning methods Environmental applications Leading to new industries, some with safety concerns: cosmetics, food, disinfectants,.. After 2010 nanosystems: nano-radio, tissue eng., fluidics, etc

52 Nanoelectronic and nanomagnetic components incorporated into common computing and communication devices, in production in nm CMOS processor technology by Intel (2009) 90 nm thin-film storage (TFS) flash flexmemory by Freescale (2010) 16 megabit magnetic random access memory (MRAM) by Everspin (2010) Nano2 Report, 2010, p. XII

53 Examples of nanotechnology incorporated into commercial healthcare products, in production in 2010 Nano2 Report, 2010, p. XIV

54 Examples of nanotechnology in commercial catalysis products for applications in oil refining, in production in 2010 Redesigned since 2000 mesoporous silica materials, like MCM-41, along with improved zeolites, are used in a variety of processes such as fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) for producing gasoline from heavy gas oils, and for producing polyesters. Nano-engineered materials now constitute 30 40% of the global catalyst market Nano2 Report, 2010, p. XVII

55 Example of production platform: Expanded CNT sheet Shielding Cat 5 Lightweight Shielded Wires Cables Commercial and Defense Impact Multi-Industry Use Satellites Aircraft Coax Heaters Data Centers TAPES ROLLS Ribbon Cables Conductive Sheets Pre-Preg Deicers Thermal Spreaders Anode/Cathode Thermoelectrics EMI /EMP Shields Ground Plane High Performance Batteries Waste Heat Power Thermovoltaics Consumer Electronics First Responders Hi-Strength Sheets Nano2 Report, 2010, p. XLVI. Courtesy R. Ridgley Armor Composites Wind Energy Systems Ground Transportation

56 Example of research platform: Nanoelectronics Research Initiative (SIA, NSF, NIST) Notre Dame Penn State Purdue UT-Dallas SUNY-Albany Purdue MIT Columbia Harvard GIT U. Virginia NCSU Awards made in 2011 for collaborative group research (NNI Signature Initiative) UC Los Angeles UC Berkeley UC Irvine UC Riverside UC Santa Barbara U. Nebraska-Lincoln U. Wisconsin-Madison (co-funds NRI centers) UT-Austin Rice UT-Dallas Texas A&M U. Maryland NCSU Brown Columbia Illinois-UC MIT/U. Virginia Nebraska-Lincoln Northwestern Penn State Princeton / UT-Austin Purdue Stanford U. Alabama UC Berkeley Virginia Nanoelectronics Center (ViNC) University of Virginia Old Dominion University College of William & Mary Partnerships NSF, NIST, SIA, SRC with over 30 Universities in 16 States

57 (E) : Solutions for Sustainable Development Nanotechnology has provided solutions for about half of the new projects on energy conversion, energy storage, and carbon encapsulation in the last decade Entirely new families have been discovered of nanostructured and porous materials with very high surface areas, including metal organic frameworks, covalent organic frameworks, and zeolite imidazolate frameworks, for H storage and CO 2 separations A broad range of polymeric and inorganic nanofibers for environmental separations (membrane for water and air filtration) and catalytic treatment have been synthesized Testing the promise of nanomanufacturing for sustainability Evaluating renewable materials and green fuels

58 Goal: U.S. grid parity by 2015 for photovoltaic technologies Levelized cost of energy (LCOE) Based on DOE, 2010

59 Article citations by NSF Principal Investigators Chen at al. (2012) NSF-funded PIs ( ) have a higher number of citations (166 in average) than researchers in other groups: IBM, UC, US (32 in average), Entire world Set (26 in average), Japan, European, Others

60 Number of patent citations by NSF P.I.-Inventors Chen at al. (2012) NSF-funded PI-Inventors ( ) have more citations (31 in average) than inventors in the TOP10, UC, IBM, US (9 in average), Entire World Set (7 in average), Japan, Others, and European group

61 A shift to new nano enabled commercial products after 2010 Survey of 270 manufacturing companies 70% 85% 38% 25% Commercialized Product By 2009 < 1 year to Market (2010) 1-3 years to Market ( ) 3-5 years to Market ( ) > 5 years to Market (2015-) Nano2 Report, 2010, p. XXXIX. Courtesy National Center for Manufacturing Sciences (NCMS, 2010)

62 Return on Annual Federal Investment in Nanotechnology R&D (2010) $1.8B* federal R&D: NNI ~ $2.1B industry R&D * The corresponding R&D was about 10 times smaller in1998. ** Est. taxes 20% *** Est. $500,000/ yr/ job $B industry operating cost ~$22B Taxes ~$2.1B ind. R&D ~220,000 Jobs*** ~$110B** Final Products

63 Expert review (international WTEC study): Not fully realized objectives after ten years General methods for materials by design and composite materials (because the direct TMS and measuring techniques methods were not ready) Sustainable development projects - only energy projects received significant attention in the last 5 years; Nanotechnology for water filtration and desalination only limited; Delay on nanotechnology for climate research (because of insufficient support from beneficiary stakeholders?) Widespread public awareness of nanotechnology awareness low ~30% in U.S.; Challenge for public participation

64 Better than expected after ten years Major industry involvement after Ex: >5,400 companies with papers/patents or products (US, 2008); NBA in 2002; Keeping the Moore law continue 10 years after serious doubt raised din 2000 Unanticipated discoveries and advances in several S&E fields: plasmonics, metamaterials, spintronics, graphene, cancer detection and treatment, drug delivery, synthetic biology, neuromorphic engineering, quantum information.. The formation / strength of the international community, including in nanotechnology EHS and ELSI that continue to grow

65 Nanotechnology in 2011, still in an earlier formative phase of development Characterization of nanomodules is using micro parameters and not internal structure Measurements and simulations of a domain of biological or engineering relevance cannot be done with atomic precision and time resolution of chemical reactions Manufacturing Processes empirical, synthesis by trial and error, some control only for one chemical component and in steady state Nanotechnology products are using only rudimentary nanostructures (dispersions in catalysts, layers in electronics) incorporated in existing products or systems Knowledge for risk governance in formation MC Roco, April 26, 2012

66 FY 2011 NS&E Priorities Research Areas (1) The long-term objective is systematic understanding, control and restructuring of matter at the nanoscale for societal benefit A. Scientific challenges - Theory at the nanoscale Ex: transition from quantum to classical physics, collective behavior; simultaneous nanoscale phenomena - Non-equilibrium processes - Designing new molecules with engineered functions - New architectures for assemblies of nanocomponents - The emergent behavior of nanosystems

67 FY 2011 NS&E Priorities Research Areas (2) B. Development of nanotechnology - Tools for measuring and restructuring with atomic precision and time resolution of chemical reactions - Understanding and use of quantum phenomena - Understanding and use of multi-scale selfassembling - Nanobiotechnology sub-cellular and systems approach - Nanomanufacturing hybrid, on site - Systems nanotechnology

68 FY 2011 NS&E Priorities Research Areas (3) C. Integration of nanotechnology in application areas - Nanomanufacturing for sustainable environment - Replacing electron charge as the information carrier in electronics (Ex: NRI) - Energy conversion, water filtration / desalinization - Nano-bio interfaces between the human body and manmade devices - Nano-informatics for communication, nanosystem design - Converging science, engineering and technology

69 From FY 2011 NSF priority research areas (4) D. Societal dimensions of nanotechnology - Understanding and sustainable ENV, including research for natural / incidental / manufactured nanomaterials - Earlier formal and informal education - Social issues and public engagement

70 Twelve trends to Theory, modeling & simulation: x1000 faster, essential design Direct measurements x6000 brighter, accelerate R&D & use A shift from passive to active nanostructures/nanosystems Nanosystems, some self powered, self repairing, dynamic Penetration of nanotechnology in industry - toward mass use; catalysts, electronics; innovation platforms, consortia Nano-EHS more predictive, integrated with nanobio & env. Personalized nanomedicine - from monitoring to treatment Photonics, electronics, magnetics new capabilities, integrated Energy photosynthesis, storage use solar economic by 2015 Enabling and integrating with new areas bio, info, cognition Earlier preparing nanotechnology workers system integration Governance of nano for societal benefit - institutionalization

71 Direct measurements and metrology EX: Exponential law for X-ray Sources: Coherence for 3 D dynamic (~ femtosecond) imaging of structures with atomic precision (Energy Recovery Linacs) X-ray source brilliance (red line): Semiconductor Moore's law (black line): Increase of ~ 2 orders of magnitude in last decade Increase of ~ 3.6 orders of magnitude in last decade To increase ~ 5,000 times by 2020 Nano2 Report, 2010, p. 41

72 Example: Nanosystems for Aerospace Future aircraft designs include (a) nanocomposite materials for ultralightweight multifunctional airframes; (b) morphing airframe and propulsion structures in wing-body that can change their shape; (c) resistance to ice accretion; (d) with carbon nanotube wires; (e) networks of nanotechnology based sensors for reduced emissions and noise and improved safety Design by NASA and MIT for a 354 passenger commercial aircraft that would be available for commercial use in and would enable a reduction in aircraft fuel consumption by 54% over a Boeing 777 baseline aircraft Nano2 Report, 2010, cover page. Courtesy of NASA and MIT

73 NNI signature initiatives Sustainable Nanomanufacturing Nanoelectronics for 2020 and Beyond Nanotechnology for Solar Energy Nanotechnology Knowledge Infrastructure Nanotechnology-enabled Sensors to Assess Health and the Environment (Nanotechnology to Regenerate Human Body)

74 : Key areas of S&T emphasis Integration of nanocomponents at the nanoscale in nanosystems of larger scales, for fundamentally new products Better experimental and simulation control of self-assembly, quantum behavior, creation of new molecules, transport processes, interaction of nanostructures with external fields Understanding of biological processes and of nano-bio interfaces with abiotic materials, and their biomedical applications Nanotechnology solutions for sustainable development Governance for responsible innovation and public-private partnerships; oversight of nanotechnology EHS, ELSI, multi stakeholder, public and international participation. Sustained support for education, workforce preparation, and infrastructure.

75 The next ten years Preparing for mass application of nanotechnology by 2020, with shift to more complex generations of nanotechnology products and increased connection to biology. Address risks (EHS, long-term DNA, nanobiology) and public participation Greater emphasis on innovation and commercialization, with incentives for greater use of public/private partnerships Focus on return to society and serving human dimensions (health, cognition, human-machine interface, productivity highadded value nanomanufacturing, sustainability) Nanotechnology governance will be institutionalized, with increased globalization and a co-funding mechanism

76 Several background references "Nanotechnology Research Directions, Springer 2000 "Societal Implications of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology", Springer (2001); updated in 2 volumes in 2007 International strategy for nanotechnology research and development, Journal of Nanoparticle Research 3, The NNI: Past, Present and Future, in Handbook on Nanoscience, Engineering and Technology, CRC, Taylor and Francis 2007 Nanotechnology Risk Governance in Global Risk Governance Framework, Springer 2007 Possibilities for Global Governance of Converging Technologies, J. Nanoparticle Res "Mapping Nanotechnology Innovations and Knowledge" Springer 2009 Nanotechnology Research Directions for Societal Needs in 2020 Springer (Roco, Mirkin and Hersam 2011) Nanotechnology: From Discovery to Innovation and Socioeconomic Projects AIChE/CEP Roco, May 2011)