MEMBRANE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. Industrial, Biological, and Waste Treatment Processes

Transcription

1 MEMBRANE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Industrial, Biological, and Waste Treatment Processes

2 MEMBRANE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Industrial, Biological, and Waste Treatment Processes Proceedings of a Symposium held at the Columbus Laboratories of Battelle Memorial Institute Columbus, Ohio, October 20-21, 1969 Edited by James E. Flinn Chemical Process Development Division Battelle Memorial Institute Columbus, Ohio g?plenum PRESS NEW YORK-LONDON 1970

3 library of Congress Catalog Card Number ISBN-13: e-isbn-13: : / Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1970 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y Unit'ijd Kingdom edition published by Plenum Press, London A Division of Plenum Publishing Company, Ltd. Donington House, 30 Norfolk Street, London W.C.2, England All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the publisher

4 ERRATUM In the paper "Separation of Blood Serum Proteins by Ultrafiltration" by Carel J. van Oss and Paul M. Bronson, the photographs in Figure 3 on page 143 and Figure 5 on page 146 have been accidentally interchanged. Thus, the caption on page 143 pertains to the illustration on page 146 and the caption on page 146 to the illustration on page 143. Membrane Science and Technology (J. E. Flinn, ed.) Plenum Press, 1970

5 PREFACE This book is a collection of papers derived from a conference on membranes held at the Columbus Laboratories of Battelle Memorial Institute in Columbus, Ohio, on October 20 and 21,1969. When a decision is made to sponsor a membrane conference, the problem immediately arises as to what aspect of the technology needs to be emphasized. There were several alternatives from which to choose. The Office of Saline Water, for example, has been supporting for many years a tremendous volume of research on the desalination of sea and brackish water. In fact, were it not for this effort, the conference which resulted in this book could probably not have been held. Regardless, one could not easily choose to hold a conference on water desalting because the subject is adequately covered in the literature, and yearly conferences are sponsored by the funding agency. Other government agencies, specifically The National Heart and Lung Institutes and The National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, have supported a sizable number of research programs involving the use of membranes for biomedical devices useful in blood oxygenation and kidney augmentation or replacement. Again, these groups have their own outlets for disseminating research results. Still other choices existed among such areas as permeation processes for petroleum separations, advanced or novel membrane process concepts, or characterization of membranes - morphology, permeation properties, etc., - or biological membranes. None of these areas seemed to provide just the right technological emphasis. The technological aspect actually selected was chosen with several thoughts in mind. First there was the knowledge of Battelle's interest and history of research in several areas relating to the membrane field, namely, membrane synthesis, polymer chemistry and technology, food product development and processing, biochemistry, biomedical engineering, and environmental waste management. Secondly, and perhaps more significant, was an intuititive feeling that membrane technology, as a processing tool, was beginning to pique the interest of many industries with separation problems of a common nature. Industries manufacturing food, fermentation, medicinal, and biological products are particularly pertinent examples and, indeed, representatives of these were in the majority at the conference. The commonality is in the use of membranes to fractionate, purify, or concentrate primarily aqueous solutions containing small dissolved ionic and neutral solutes and much higher molecular weight compounds, e.g., proteins, enzymes and viruses. These types of systems present problems which are quite different to those encountered in simple water recovery from sea or brackish water. Cake buildup on the membrane surface, clogging of pores, adsorption in and on the membrane, rheological limitations on the mass transfer of solute and solvent due to viscosity, shear, and non-newtonian fluid effects, are examples. Many of the papers in this volume deal with or allude to these problems and provide useful insights into their causes and preventions. The papers are arranged in the same order in which they were presented. The first two, fundamental in nature, discuss and interpret phenomena relating to the transport of both large and small organic solutes within and through polymeric membranes. The next five papers are related in at least one aspect, namely, the application of membranes to solutions where macro-molecular compounds, principally of biological origin, must be separated, purified of dissolved ions or fractionated. As a group these papers are significant in that the unique

6 ii PREFACE problem of cake formation and membrane fouling due to solute retention at the membrane is clearly discerned and discussed from several viewpoints. Then follows two papers which are concerned solely with the transport of small dissolved ions for the production of chemicals and prospective hydrometallurgical separations. The fmal four papers describe the application of membrane processes to industrial water and waste treatment situations. Here, as in the processing of biologicals, both macro- and micro solutes are frequently constituents of the same solution. The recovery of water and the chemicals for recycle are the two needs which are stressed. Since publication of this book represents the culmination of almost two years of effort on the planning and execution of a successful conference, it is appropriate to acknowledge with sincere gratitude the help and advice of various parties at Battelle-Columbus and elsewhere. I should mention fust the 15 speakers at the conference and their co-authors, all but two of which have a paper in this volume. These missing two are H. P. Gregor of Columbia University and L. F. Ginnette of U.S.D.A.'s Western Division. Among my colleagues at Battelle, Robert H. Cherry, Jr., Charles W. Cooper, Manfred Luttinger, Gerald A. Grode, Richard D. Falb, Morton Fels, Herman Nack and Lester L. Hinshaw comprised the committee which planned and carried out the conference program and its many detailed arrangements. In addition Richard D. Falb, William T. McComis and Morton Fels served as session chairmen for the affair. Finally the Report and Graphic Arts Services group at Battelle contributed to the editing, styling, proofmg, and typing of the manuscripts for publication. James E. Flinn Conference Chairman

7 CONTENTS The Use of Membrane Diffusion as a Tool for Separating and Characterizing Naturally Occurring Polymers L. e. Craig Anomalous Transport of Penetrants in Polymeric Membranes H. B. Hopfenberg Application and Theory of Membrane Processes for Biological and Other Macromolecular Solutions R. P. defilippi and R. L. Goldsmith Solute Polarization and Cake Formation in Membrane UltrafJltration: Causes, Consequences, and Control Techniques W. F. Blatt, A. Dravid, A. S. Michaels, and L. Nelson Enzyme Processing Using UltrafJltration Membranes.... D.I.e. Wang, A. J. Sinskey, and T. A. Butterworth A Consideration of the Parameters Governing Membrane Filtration - Particularly of Proteinaceous Solutions e. T. Badenhop, A. T. Spann, and T. H. Meltzer Separation of Blood Serum Proteins by UltrafJltration e. J. van Oss and P. M. Bronson Production of Acidic Salt With Substitution Reaction by Means of Ion Exchange Membrane Electrodialysis T. Nishiwaki, H. Han;, and S. Ito; Hydrometallurgical Separations by Solvent Membranes R. Bloch Low-Pressure Ultrafiltration Systems for Wastewater Contaminant Removal W. L. Short and R. T. Skrinde Industrial Waste Treatment Opportunities for Reverse Osmosis and UltrafJltration J. G. Mahoney, M. E. Rowley, and L. West Ultrafiltration Water Treatment..... e. v. Smith and D. Di Gregorio Reverse Osmosis: Application to Potato-Starch Factory Waste Effluents W. L. Porter, J. Siciliano, S. Krulick, and E. e. Heisler Subject Index iii