Ch.15 Section 4 Regulation of Gene Expression pgs Complete the attached Active Reading Guides for the above sections.

Transcription

1 AP Biology Summer Assignment Due Wednesday 9/5/2018 Text Book Reading Ch.13 The Molecular Basis of Life pgs Ch.15 Section 4 Regulation of Gene Expression pgs Active Reading Guides Complete the attached Active Reading Guides for the above sections. Note: All work is to be hand written. No Exceptions. Directions: For Each Chapter: Read each chapter and study the vocabulary as you move through the chapter. At this level of Biology a strong command of the vocabulary is essential. This means that not only should you be able to define a term but you should understand that term in relation to the concept that is supports. Have a Great Summer! We are looking forward to a great year together. Mrs. O Rourke and Mrs. Trozzo Jennifer.Orourke@rtsd.org Karen.Trozzo@rtsd.org

2 Name: AP Biology Mr. Croft Chapter 13 Active Reading Guide The Molecular Basis of Inheritance Section 1 1. What are the two chemical components of chromosomes? 2. Why did researchers originally think that protein was the genetic material? 3. Distinguish between the virulent and nonvirulent strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae studied by Frederick Griffith. 4. What was the purpose of Griffith s studies? 5. Summarize the experiment in which Griffith became aware that hereditary information could be transmitted between two organisms in an unusual manner. 6. Define transformation. 7. What did Oswald Avery determine to be the transforming factor? Explain his experimental approach. 1

3 8. Sketch a T2 bacteriophage and label its head, tail sheath, tail fiber, and DNA. 9. How does a bacteriophage destroy a bacterial cell? Look ahead to Chapter 17, Figure 17.4, to explain this. 10. How did Hershey and Chase label viral DNA and viral protein so that they could be distinguished? Explain why they chose each radioactive tag in light of the chemical composition of DNA and protein. 11. Describe the means by which Hershey and Chase established that only the DNA of a phage enters an E. coli cell. What conclusions did these scientists draw based on these observations? 12. What are Chargaff s rules? How did he arrive at them? 13. List the three components of a nucleotide. 14. Who are the two men who built the first molecular model of DNA and shared the 1962 Nobel Prize for discovery of its structure? 2

4 15. What was the role of Rosalind Franklin in the discovery of the double helix? 16. Distinguish between the structure of pyrimidines and purines. Explain why adenine bonds only to thymine. 17. How did Watson and Crick s model explain the basis for Chargaff s rules? 18. Given that the DNA of a certain fly species consists of 27.3% adenine and 22.5% guanine, use Chargaff s rules to deduce the percentages of thymine and cytosine. 19. Name the five nitrogenous bases, and put a checkmark in the correct column for each base. Also indicate if the base is found in DNA, RNA, or both. Nitrogenous Base Purine Pyrimidine DNA, RNA, or Both 20. What DNA base is complementary to adenine? What DNA base is complementary to guanine? 3

5 21. Describe the structure of DNA relative to each of the following: a. distance across molecule b. distance between nucleotides c. distance between turns d. components of the backbone e. components of the rungs 22. Explain what is meant by 5' and 3' ends of the nucleotide. 23. What do we mean when we say the two strands of DNA are antiparallel? Section What is the semiconservative model of replication? 25. Who performed the experiments that elucidated the correct mechanism of DNA replication? 26. How did Meselson and Stahl create heavy DNA for their experiments? 27. Use Figure to explain how Meselson and Stahl confirmed the semiconservative mechanism of DNA replication. 28. Define the origins of replication. 4

6 29. Distinguish between the leading and the lagging strands during DNA replication. 30. What is the direction of synthesis of the new strand? 31. What are Okazaki fragments? How are they welded together? 32. Which enzyme does each of the following? a. untwists and separates strands b. holds DNA strands apart c. synthesizes RNA primer d. adds DNA nucleotides to new strands e. relieves strain caused by unwinding f. joins DNA fragments together g. removes RNA primer and replaces with DNA 33. Make a detailed list of the steps that occur in the synthesis of a new strand. 34. What is a thymine dimer? How might it occur? How is it repaired? 5

7 35. Make a sketch of a chromosome and label the telomeres. 36. Explain telomere erosion and the role of telomerase. 37. Why are cancer cells immortal even though most body cells have a limited life span? 38. Explain the roles of each of the following enzymes in DNA proofreading and repair. a. DNA polymerase b. Nuclease c. Ligase d. Repair enzymes Section On the following diagram, identify the following: 30-nm fiber, metaphase chromosome, double helix, histone proteins, nucleosomes, protein scaffold, and looped domains (300-nm fiber). 40. Distinguish between heterochromatin and euchromatin. 6

8 Name: AP Biology Mr. Croft Chapters 13.4 & 15.4 Active Reading Guide Biotechnology The AP Biology exam has reached into this chapter for essay questions on a regular basis over the past 15 years. Student responses show that biotechnology is a difficult topic. This chapter requires a strong conceptual understanding of the technological processes and the underlying biology that guides the procedure. With a little careful work, this chapter will give you insights into the incredible advancements already made and a basis for understanding the new marvels yet to be discovered in biotechnology. 1. It is important to understand the meaning of the three terms in bold to start this chapter. recombinant DNA: biotechnology: genetic engineering: 2. Plasmids are important in biotechnology. Give a full and complete definition of plasmid. 3. The production of multiple copies of a single gene is called. 4. Using Figure in your text, explain the four steps in this preview of gene cloning. 1) 2) 3) 4) 1

9 5. Read the description of restriction enzymes in your text carefully. Then draw and explain each step of Figure What is a cloning vector? Why are bacterial plasmids widely used as cloning vectors? 7. Study the following figure for an example of a gene cloning experiment. Explain the following key points. a. What is the source of the gene of interest? b. Explain why the plasmid is engineered with amp R and lacz. 2

10 c. Why are both the gene of interest and the plasmid cut with the same restriction enzyme? d. What is the role of DNA ligase in this process? e. After transformation has occurred, why are some colonies blue? f. Why are some colonies white? Why is this important? 8. Once the hummingbird DNA is cloned, we have the problem of finding the piece of DNA that holds our gene of interest. Explain how nucleic acid hybridization will accomplish this task. 9. Getting a cloned eukaryotic gene to function in bacterial host cells can be difficult. What are two problems with bacterial gene expression systems, and how is each solved? 1) 2) 10. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a Nobel Prize winning idea that is used by scientists to amplify DNA, particularly when the quantity of DNA is very small or contaminated. Explain the three initial steps that occur in cycle 1 of PCR. 1) 2) 3) 3

11 11. How many molecules will be produced by four PCR cycles? 12. is a technique used to separate nucleic acids or proteins that differ in size or electrical charge. 13. Why is the DNA sample to be separated by gel electrophoresis always loaded at the cathode or negative end of the power source? 14. Explain why shorter DNA molecules travel farther down the gel than larger molecules. 15. A patient who is a carrier for sickle-cell anemia would have a gel electrophoresis pattern showing four bands. The carrier is heterozygous and therefore has both alleles. The normal allele will produce three fragments. The abnormal allele will produce two fragments. Explain why the gel shows a four-band pattern. 16. How is RT-PCR used? 17. What are DNA microarray assays? 18. Why are the four nucleotides in DNA each labeled with a different color of fluorescent tag? 4

12 19. Explain the four steps of DNA microarray assays. 1) 2) 3) 4) 20. Explain how microarrays are used in understanding patterns of gene expression in normal and cancerous tissue. 5