Quality Management. Katarzyna Wasielewska-Michniewska, PhD Eng.

Transcription

1 Quality Management Katarzyna Wasielewska-Michniewska, PhD Eng.

2 Project Quality Management 1. Planning -> Plan Quality Management Identify quality requirements and standards, and document how the process will demonstrate compliance 2. Executing -> Perform Quality Assurance Audit the quality requirements and the results from the quality control measurements, to ensure that appropriate quality standards are used 3. Monitoring and Control -> Perform Quality Control Monitor and record results of executing the quality activities to assess performance and recommend necessary changes

3 What it is? Quality - conformance to requirements; ISO: degree to which a set of inherent (existing) characteristics fulfils requirement Quality management - coordinated activities to direct and control an organisation with respect to quality (ISO 9000:2005) Creating and following policies and procedures Meeting defined quality needs

4 Who is affected by quality? Source:

5 Quality control - the activities that are used to evaluate whether your product or service meets the quality requirements specified for your project; the measurement of outputs to determine whether they meet the accepted criteria; performed throughout the project Quality assurance - ensuring that the product is produced in the right way; analyzes the processes and systems that are producing the outputs

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7 Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK), Control Quality falls under the Monitoring & Controlling process group Quality criteria should have been identified during the planning phase -> PMBOK Plan Quality Management Examples of quality control include: Inspection of products leaving the production line. Expert technical review of reports. Trial runs prior to plant commissioning.

8 Quality vs Grade How closely product matches its intended purpose vs value people put on the product High grade products may have low quality, but we tend to have high quality regardless of the grade Precision vs Accuracy How far you are from the true value vs how close do you get to the same value with multiple repetitions High quality means precise and accurate Prevention (QA) vs Inspection (QC) Keeping errors from happening vs keeping errors out of customer hands Tolerance vs Control Limits Range of acceptable results vs boundaries which represent acceptable variation for the purpose of controlling and manipulating the process Planned Data vs Actual Data The planned results should be identified and then actual results tracked side by side to ensure the conformance of the deliverables Attribute Sampling vs Variable Sampling A single pass/fail criteria vs sliding scale criteria

9 Quality metrics Failure rate Defect frequency on-time performance on-budget performance Reliability Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF) Mean Time to Repair (MTTR)

10 Quality Management It provides guidance and directions on how quality will be managed and validated throughout the project

11 Quality Management - T&T Cost-benefit analysis Cost - expenses associated with quality management activities Benefits - higher productivity, less rework, lower costs, increased stakeholders satisfaction

12 Quality Management - T&T Source:

13 Basic quality tools Source:

14 Cause-and-Effect / Fishbone / Ishikawa Diagram place a problem statement at the center and attempt to trace the source back to its actionable root cause; helps in finding a root cause of the project Source:

15 On the diagram: main issues, contributing issues and problem Procedure: 1.Identify problem 2.Work out major factors involved 3.Identify possible causes 4.Analyse diagram

16 Flow Charts A graphical representation of a process showing relationships between process steps Transformation of one or more inputs to one or more outputs with sequence of steps Source: management-flow-chart.html

17 Check Sheets Collection of data about the problem during inspection Source:

18 Pareto Chart Histogram that helps to identify and prioritize problem areas Pareto analysis (80-20 rule) - 80% of the problem are due to 20% of causes Source:

19 When to use Pareto Charts? When you have a lot of data for analysis When you want to identify main causes of problems and prioritize When you want to inspect relative importance of data To communicate data with stakeholders more efficiently

20 Histogram Histograms are graphs used to show frequency of distributions, or how often a value occur in a data set Histograms are column charts that always have 2 variables. The goal is to measure one variable in the context of the other. Source: /07/11/understanding-7-basic-qualitytools/

21 Control Charts Compare the data with the upper and lower specification limits to determine whether or not a process is stable Graphical display that illustrate results of process over time - process in control and out of control Prevents defects not detects them Source:

22 When process is out of control? There is one dot outside the limits (special cause) 7 consecutive measurements fall on one side of the mean

23 Scatter Diagram Correlation chart - how change in independent variable will change a dependent variable Show if there is a relationship between two variables Source:

24 Run/Trend Chart Records output results of the process over time (in sequence as they occur) Simplified control chart - does not tell wether variation is result of special or common causes Source:

25 Statistical Sampling Selecting part of a population in question or interest for inspection The samples are chosen and tested according to the quality management plan Help in determining cost of quality

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28 Quality Management Outputs Quality management plan Process improvement plan Quality metrics Quality checklists Project documents updates

29 Quality Management Plan Explains how quality policies will be implemented Level of detail depends on the project Details how quality requirements are captured, how they will be measured and controlled Stakeholders list is a good start -> each stakeholder imposes requirements onto the project, and each requirement has a standard of quality associated with it

30 Quality standards can generally be categorized as follows: Internal company standards Standards imposed by regulatory agencies External standards imposed by the project sponsor or organization

31 Process improvement plan Helps to analyze the existing business processes Details the steps that will help improving processes Contains: Process boundaries - the purpose, inputs and outputs, owner, etc. Process graphical representation Process metrics with targets for improved performance - used for measuring the process efficiency

32 Quality metrics Description of product attribute and how to measure it Metrics and tolerance levels for variations are set in quality plan Metrics: time, cost, resource, scope Indicators: Schedule performance index = earned value / planned value Numer of change requests Cost performance index = earned value / actual cost

33 Quality checklists Structured tool to verify that the set of required steps was performed Developed based on product requirements Lists steps to be follow to achieve desired quality