Dell EqualLogic TCO Analysis. Multi-generational Manageability and Efficiency at a Low Cost

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1 Lab Report Dell EqualLogic TCO Analysis Multi-generational Manageability and Efficiency at a Low Cost By Mike Leone, ESG Lab Engineer and Brian Garrett, ESG Lab VP April 2012

2 Lab Validation: Dell EqualLogic TCO Analysis 2 Contents Executive Summary... 3 Challenges and Trends... 4 Multi-generational Software and Support... 5 Manageability... 5 Host Integration Tools... 8 Support and Monitoring ESG Lab TCO Analysis The Bigger Truth Appendix TCO Assumptions ESG Lab Reports The goal of ESG Lab reports is to educate IT professionals about data center technology products for companies of all types and sizes. ESG Lab reports are not meant to replace the evaluation process that should be conducted before making purchasing decisions, but rather to provide insight into these emerging technologies. Our objective is to go over some of the more valuable feature/functions of products, show how they can be used to solve real customer problems and identify any areas needing improvement. ESG Lab s expert third-party perspective is based on our own hands-on testing as well as on interviews with customers who use these products in production environments. This ESG Lab report was sponsored by Dell. All trademark names are property of their respective companies. Information contained in this publication has been obtained by sources The Enterprise Strategy Group (ESG) considers to be reliable but is not warranted by ESG. This publication may contain opinions of ESG, which are subject to change from time to time. This publication is copyrighted by The Enterprise Strategy Group, Inc. Any reproduction or redistribution of this publication, in whole or in part, whether in hard-copy format, electronically, or otherwise to persons not authorized to receive it, without the express consent of The Enterprise Strategy Group, Inc., is in violation of U.S. copyright law and will be subject to an action for civil damages and, if applicable, criminal prosecution. Should you have any questions, please contact ESG Client Relations at

3 Lab Validation: Dell EqualLogic TCO Analysis 3 Executive Summary Organizations of all sizes are struggling to meet the conflicting challenges associated with macro-level global financial uncertainty and micro-level information storage growth and complexity. A growing number of IT managers are turning to virtualization and consolidation technologies to meet these challenges. With a focus on scalability, automated management using rich software tools, all-inclusive pricing, and an architecture that leverages the economic advantages of industry-standard technologies like Ethernet, Dell EqualLogic PS Series storage is an excellent example of a solution that was purpose built to lower TCO in virtualized and consolidated environments. This ESG Lab report examines the economic excellence of highly scalable Dell EqualLogic PS Series storage solutions compared with those of other leading storage vendors. After testing EqualLogic storage in the lab using an infrastructure encompassing 12 generations of EqualLogic hardware, ESG Lab calculated the total cost of ownership (TCO) over five years for a small and large organization requiring 85 and 170 raw terabytes of storage capacity using systems available for purchase today. Looking first at the costs of hardware, software, and support, it s clear that the cost of acquiring a Dell EqualLogic PS Series solution is significantly less than the cost of acquiring the competition s product. As a matter of fact, just the relatively lower cost of acquisition for a small iscsi SAN solution can save an organization as much as 45%. What s more revealing is the cost of a larger configuration, which in ESG Lab s model, shows one vendor s solution costing more than twice as much as Dell EqualLogic s solution for just acquisition and support. This is due in part to Dell s disruptive pricing model, which includes valuable storage software at no additional charge: Dell EqualLogic Group Manager; Host Integration Tools for VMware, Microsoft, and Linux; and SAN Headquarters. The next area showing significant cost savings revolves around management. EqualLogic storage systems do not require industry experts to configure, provision, and manage a storage deployment due to easy-to-follow wizards and intuitive software offerings. Also, due to the ability to quickly and easily add new storage systems to existing storage systems and online data evacuation from one array to another, the migration of old data costs nothing, and the upgrading to a new system has a minimal cost related only to setting up the new hardware. Hands-on testing by ESG Lab has confirmed that Dell EqualLogic solutions are significantly less costly to deploy, provision, and manage. With included software and tools at no additional charge, as well as multi-generational hardware support, EqualLogic has an unmatched return on investment in the SAN storage market. Altogether, the economic excellence of EqualLogic storage solutions is clearly evident the five-year TCO of an EqualLogic iscsi SAN is impressively low.

4 Lab Validation: Dell EqualLogic TCO Analysis 4 Challenges and Trends As macroeconomic conditions have continued to improve since the global financial crisis of 2008, corporate spending including money earmarked for IT products and services has followed suit (see Figure 1). As such, it is not surprising that the percentage of organizations identifying cost reduction as a business initiative affecting IT spending decisions has mirrored this trend over the last four years and fallen to 43% in 2012 from a high of 54% in late 2008/early Nevertheless, it is important to underscore that IT buyers believe that cost-reduction pressures will continue to affect IT purchases more so than any other business dynamic for the foreseeable future. Figure 1. Business Initiatives with the Greatest Impact on IT Spending Decisions Which of the following would you consider to be your organization s most important IT priorities over the next months? (Percent of respondents, N=614, ten responses accepted) Improve data backup and recovery Increased use of server virtualization Major application deployments or upgrades Manage data growth Information security initiatives Business continuity/disaster recovery programs Data center consolidation Desktop virtualization Mobile workforce enablement Deploying a "private cloud" infrastructure 30% 30% 29% 27% 27% 25% 24% 23% 22% 22% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% Source: Enterprise Strategy Group, As was the case in ESG s 2010 and 2011 IT spending surveys, the increased use of server virtualization, improved backup and recovery, plans to deploy or upgrade major applications, managing data growth, and information security initiatives were all top 2012 IT priorities. In fact, the top-ten most selected priorities remain largely unchanged save for the inclusion of private cloud deployments and mobile workforce enablement in this year s results. Since extensive and mature server virtualization implementations are becoming more pervasive, it makes sense that many IT organizations are using their highly virtualized infrastructures as the foundation for a more dynamic private cloud computing environment capable of delivering the fundamental tenets of cloud computing namely scalability and elasticity to their own internal users. IT departments continue to struggle with the costs of storage, which include not only the cost of acquisition, but also the ongoing operational expenses associated with storage management. Growing demand for increased capacity and the need to provide assured availability and flexible recovery scenarios are challenges organizations continue to face as growing application data footprints stress the limits of IT staff and budgets. 1 Source: ESG Research Report, 2012 IT Spending Intentions Survey, January 2012.

5 Lab Validation: Dell EqualLogic TCO Analysis 5 Multi-generational Software and Support ESG Lab performed hands-on evaluation and testing at Dell s facilities in Nashua, New Hampshire. Testing was designed to demonstrate the significant cost savings achievable with Dell EqualLogic iscsi storage solutions, as well as the storage solutions ease of management, virtual environment integration, and support and monitoring capabilities. The Lab also modeled total cost of ownership in comparison with competitive storage solutions from other leading vendors to quantify potential savings. Manageability EqualLogic Group Manager is a SAN management tool that provides detailed information about a SAN configuration through a single web-based interface. It comes at no additional charge with PS series arrays. The tool allows administrators to manage all aspects of their EqualLogic storage solution remotely, without the need for a dedicated management server or workstation. EqualLogic Group Manager serves as an easy-to-use tool for IT professionals to provision storage, schedule replication, and manage an EqualLogic iscsi-based SAN. ESG Lab Testing ESG Lab chose to manage 12 different generations of PS series storage arrays from a single interface. The test bed is shown in Figure 2. ESG Lab connected a group of servers via iscsi to 12 interconnected arrays, serving as a primary storage site. The primary storage site, along with images of the different generations of arrays, appears in the middle of the image. The Lab then connected the primary site to a remote site to allow for replication. ESG Lab was particularly impressed by this ability to connect both old and new storage arrays within the same infrastructure. The seamless integration of both old and new provided an easy way to get the most out of existing systems while taking advantage of newer technology. This obvious return on investment is just the beginning of the cost savings achievable with the Dell EqualLogic iscsi SAN solution. Figure 2. ESG Lab Test Bed

6 Lab Validation: Dell EqualLogic TCO Analysis 6 After setting up the hardware and creating pools of storage shared between the 12 different arrays, ESG Lab was ready to create a volume on a particular pool. Figure 3 highlights the easy, wizard-driven process of creating a new volume. Steps include (1) selecting a storage pool to house the new volume, (2) providing the needed pool capacity, and (3) specifying iscsi access. Finally, a summary (4) is displayed before commencing storage allocation. Figure 3. Creating a Volume After creating a test volume on the primary site, ESG Lab wanted to replicate that volume to a remote site. For simplicity, the remote site consisted of a single PS series array to store the copied volume data. By using a WAN simulator, ESG was able to simulate distance between the primary site and the remote site. ESG Lab configured replication using another easy-to-follow wizard provided through Group Manager. The three steps are shown in Figure 4. Step one contains a majority of the information required to configure the volume replication. The pool where the volume is stored on the primary site is automatically added to the wizard. ESG Lab was using one site for replication, which was specified in the replication partner drop-down box. When the wizard process finished, a prompt was displayed to confirm whether the replica should be created immediately. ESG Lab chose to replicate the newly configured volume immediately, and the bottom image shows the Replication Status as being in-progress.

7 Lab Validation: Dell EqualLogic TCO Analysis 7 Figure 4. Configuring Volume Replication The simplicity of configuring, provisioning, and managing an EqualLogic deployment was obvious to ESG Lab. The guidance provided through the easy-to-follow wizards, as well as the smooth navigation throughout the management interface, was quite impressive. Why This Matters Storage capacity requirements and management complexity continue to rise as user data footprints and deployed applications grow within organizations. And managing a storage environment that is growing in size and complexity can be a difficult job. A pressing need for an affordable solution with better storage management capabilities, including tightly integrated management tools, has never been more apparent. ESG Lab verified the simple, intuitive management capabilities of EqualLogic Group Manager. The wizard-driven steps to create a volume or set up replication were easy to follow and quick to complete. ESG Lab was particularly impressed with the ability to mix old generational products seamlessly with new products to generate a substantial return on investment. Moreover, ESG Lab was able to retire an array with one-click while the data migrated online without any impact to the running applications. Combined with the management software at no additional charge, choosing an EqualLogic solution becomes even more appealing.

8 Lab Validation: Dell EqualLogic TCO Analysis 8 Host Integration Tools Dell EqualLogic Host Integration Tools (HITs) comprise several easy-to-use tools that tightly integrate EqualLogic iscsi SANs with hosts and applications. These tools deliver advanced data protection, high availability, fast performance, and simplified management of application data and virtual machines for VMware, Microsoft, and Linux environments. ESG Lab Testing ESG Lab focused this portion of testing on the Host Integration Tools for VMware (HIT/VMware) and for Microsoft (HIT/Microsoft). The goal of the test was to look at virtual machine management and provisioning, as well as virtual machine and application data protection through the use of Auto-Snapshot Manager for VMware (ASM/VMware) and for Microsoft (ASM/Microsoft). ESG Lab used a vsphere Client to connect to vcenter Server. In the Solutions and Applications section of the vsphere Client, three plug-ins had been installed: Datastore Manager brings together the creation and management of datastores in vsphere by automating storage provisioning. Auto-Snapshot Manager for VMware coordinates the creation, recovery and scheduling of snapshots and replicas with vcenter to enhance protection, storage utilization, and performance of VMware-based virtual infrastructures. Virtual Desktop Deployment Utility enables rapid creation of VDI desktops and leverages EqualLogic s thin clone technology to deploy VDI desktops quickly and efficiently. ESG Lab selected the Datastore Manager plug-in to create new datastores. After selecting hardware resources and file system properties, the Lab focused on naming and capacity planning in Step 3 (see Figure 5). Figure 5. Host Integration Tools for VMware Creating Datastores Software for No Additional Charge There is no additional charge for the valuable storage management and data protection software services included in every Dell EqualLogic system. Enterpriseclass services, including remote replication and snapshots, are included with every EqualLogic array. This not only increases the value of an EqualLogic solution, but also simplifies purchasing and reduces the total cost of ownership. One of the Dell customers with whom ESG Lab spoke summed it up well. The best thing about EqualLogic: You buy an array, and you don t have to pay any more money. It s one price and one price only.

9 Lab Validation: Dell EqualLogic TCO Analysis 9 The Lab supplied a datastore name prefix and specified the number of datastores it planned on provisioning from the EqualLogic storage pool. Finally, storage space information was provided; creating thin provisioned volumes and enabling VMware thin provision stun. A snapshot reserve of 100% of the datastore was selected. Lastly, iscsi access and inventory location were provided, and the simple-to-follow wizard displayed a summary of the selections. Then the datastores were created with the tool automating the entire process including volume creation on EqualLogic arrays. The process was quick and impressively easy. Next ESG Lab looked at the Auto-Snapshot Manager for Microsoft (ASM/Microsoft). Using a Windows Server 2008 R2 virtual machine running SQL Server 2008, the Lab configured ASM/Microsoft to take incremental snapshots of the SQL Server database running inside the VM. Figure 6 shows the process of going from the vsphere Client to managing a Microsoft VM and finally taking an application-consistent snapshot (Smart Copy) of the SQL Server database. The commonly provided AdventureWorks database was used as the sample SQL database in this example. Smart Copies were created at different times; they are visible on the left side of the center image. The farright image depicts the Auto-Snapshot Manager, which shows the current phase of the Smart Copy creation process. ESG Lab was able to easily restore the SQL Server database from the Smart Copies using the ASM/Microsoft tool. Figure 6. Host Integration Tools for Microsoft Auto-Snapshot Manager Why This Matters ESG research indicates that server virtualization is the top IT priority over the next 12 to 18 months, and a growing number of organizations are moving from do it yourself to integrated solutions with a goal of simplifying management, reducing time to deployment, efficiently protecting data, and lowering the total cost of ownership. ESG Lab confirmed that the host integration tools provided at no additional charge by EqualLogic create an efficient, powerful, cost-effective way to manage virtual machines and applications on PS series storage arrays. Quickly provisioning datastores from the available storage pools was simple using the easy-to-follow wizards. The application-aware Auto-Snapshot Manager was easily able to provide ESG Lab with quick backups and restores of a SQL Server database.

10 Support and Monitoring Lab Validation: Dell EqualLogic TCO Analysis 10 Dell EqualLogic SAN Headquarters (SAN HQ) is a software tool that provides advanced monitoring of Dell EqualLogic storage systems and comes at no extra charge with PS series arrays. SAN HQ serves as a central point to access detailed performance and event data across all EqualLogic groups within an IT infrastructure. From this collected data (capacity utilization, I/O performance, networking, etc.), SAN HQ provides alerts, historical performance reporting, and analysis for capacity planning and troubleshooting. ESG Lab Testing ESG Lab used SAN HQ to monitor the 12 generations of Dell EqualLogic storage systems. Figure 7 shows the I/O performance for the load-balancing pool ESG created during the testing. The charts on the left side of the figure show various I/O performance statistics for the selected pool: avg. I/O size, IOPS, latency, throughput, and queue depth. The right side of the figure shows the I/O load space distribution across high-load, medium-load and lowload tiers for the selected pool. In other words, it displays how an I/O workload is distributed across the whole pool. Figure 7. Dell EqualLogic SAN Headquarters During testing, ESG Lab chose to retire an array with its data migrated to a different array. ESG Lab was able to perform this task by simply clicking on the option to delete a member array, and all of its data migrated to other arrays automatically with data available during the entire evacuation process. ESG Lab also chose to test the loadbalancing capabilities by creating a pool of two arrays that had different performance characteristics. When subjected to application load, data automatically migrated off from one member and onto a different member within the storage pool. This served as a way to better utilize system resources by distributing a storage pool s load across members. In the red box in Figure 7, SAN HQ shows the total medium load distribution on the load-balancing pool decreased over time as the load got distributed among the members. Why This Matters As data continues to grow within an organization, so do the requirements to monitor that data. Lack of visibility into the storage infrastructure makes it hard for IT professionals to respond to the needs of the business, wasting time and money. Advanced monitoring tools are becoming a necessity to proactively examine a storage infrastructure, but it remains a challenge to find a cost-effective software solution that provides insight into potential problems such as storage bottlenecks, overutilization of resources, and unplanned outages. SAN Headquarters is an advanced monitoring tool provided to IT professionals at no additional fee. ESG Lab confirmed that SAN HQ, simple to use and easy to navigate, was able to display current and historical storage system performance at a granular level, offering an effective way to minimize system downtime and cost while improving utilization of storage resources.

11 Lab Validation: Dell EqualLogic TCO Analysis 11 ESG Lab TCO Analysis ESG Lab modeled and analyzed the total cost of storage ownership over five years for two theoretical customers at the small and large ends of the medium-sized business segment. The smaller company was modeled requiring approximately 85TB of block-based storage capacity to meet the needs of common business applications. The larger company was modeled with a requirement of approximately 170TB. In addition to capacity requirements, performance requirements also increased for the larger company. This included the use of SSDs along with SAS and SATA drives, as opposed to the smaller company which only required SAS and SATA drives for performance and capacity needs. In both scenarios, the companies had a remote site to support remote replication for disaster recovery. The ESG Lab analysis was quantitative in that it compared the cost of acquisition (hardware and software), support, management (including manpower), and power and cooling over five years. ESG compared a Dell EqualLogic iscsi SAN solution to competing solutions from two other industry-leading storage vendors. The storage configuration of the EqualLogic SAN system used during ESG Lab hands-on testing formed the basis for the comparison. The smaller configuration was built with a mix of SAS and SATA drives, while the larger configuration factored in SSDs. The primary sites focused more on performance and therefore better-performing drives, while the remote DR site had more cost-effective, larger-capacity drives. The five-year timeframe included the need for an equipment upgrade at the three-year mark due to an unanticipated spike in capacity growth. 2 Figures 8 and 9 compare Dell with two other leading storage vendors for a small and a large storage solution. ESG Lab used a modeled street price, as opposed to a list price, because the street price better represents what a customer would actually pay based on common discounts and savings opportunities. Figure 8. Small Storage Solution Street Price Comparison Dell EqualLogic s total cost of ownership is impressively lower over a five-year period than its competitors. ESG Lab credits a majority of the price difference to two main areas: software and management. As mentioned, Dell software is provided at no additional fee; specifically, EqualLogic Group Manager, HIT kits, and SAN Headquarters are included with PS series hardware. The simple, easy-to-use wizards help provision, manage, monitor, analyze, and protect all of the organization s data. 2 For more details, please refer to the Appendix.

12 Lab Validation: Dell EqualLogic TCO Analysis 12 Management also accounts for a significant difference in cost when comparing Dell with other storage vendors systems. The primary price-differential factor can be summed up in one word: easy. The savings come from the easy-to-use software tools and EqualLogic s ability to utilize hardware across generations all of EqualLogic s 12 generation hardware can run the latest firmware and can be mixed within the same storage pool. Moreover, after adding a new EqualLogic array, an older array can be evacuated and retired in one-click thereby completely eliminating costs associated with the migration of old data to new systems. It also provides significant cost savings when adding a new system to an existing deployment. Additionally, EqualLogic can mix drives of different types and capacity within the same pool and offers advanced automated storage tiering features that simplify architecting, implementing and fine-tuning tiered storage settings in live, production environments with minimal disruption of operations. Finally, many IT vendors require vendor-specific storage specialists to provision, manage, and monitor the storage infrastructure. With Dell EqualLogic, a storage specialist is not necessary due to the management simplicity that the software provides. A storage generalist is sufficient, resulting in significant savings in administrative manpower. Figure 9. Large Storage Solution Street Price Comparison What the Numbers Mean Dell EqualLogic has the lowest total cost of ownership. In the small storage solution, Dell ($228,111) costs 41% and 47% less than nearly identical offerings from Vendor A ($384,536) and Vendor B ($429,751). In the large storage solution, Dell ($429,086) costs 39% and 55% less than nearly identical offerings from Vendor A ($699,510) and Vendor B ($958,316). Dell charges no additional license or maintenance fee for any software used with PS series storage systems. This can be seen in the yellow bars in the above charts. Many times, when things are offered for no additional charge in one area, another area increases to make up the difference. As revealed in the charts above, Dell has not increased costs in other areas to make up for the free software. The management costs associated with Vendor A and Vendor B are 50% to 60% more expensive than with Dell. This includes the cost of migrating old data, system upgrades after three years, and manpower. With lower hardware costs and no software costs, Dell support costs are also significantly lower than those of both competing vendors.

13 The Bigger Truth Lab Validation: Dell EqualLogic TCO Analysis 13 ESG Lab first heard about EqualLogic from a venture capitalist shortly after the company was founded in After listening carefully as he explained what EqualLogic was up to, we came to the erroneous conclusion that EqualLogic wasn t all that different than the many iscsi storage startups being born at the time. He tried to explain how EqualLogic was different. EqualLogic was embarking on a mission to create simple, affordable SANs. Simple, affordable SANs from EqualLogic just happen to use iscsi to connect to servers. Fast forward to the summer of 2004; ESG Lab tested an EqualLogic system for the first time. The iscsi specification had been ratified for a little over a year. Microsoft offered a free host-based iscsi initiator that worked. NetApp was driving iscsi adoption with a no-charge software upgrade for existing customers. ESG Lab testing of emerging iscsi solutions was proving that early industry concerns about iscsi performance, host overhead, and security were unfounded. We expected EqualLogic to be a lot like the other iscsi storage systems we d been testing. We were pleasantly surprised to learn that EqualLogic was different. Hands-on testing proved that EqualLogic had indeed created a simple, affordable, scalable SAN. We were amazed with how easy it was to configure and scale an EqualLogic system. Of the storage systems that ESG Lab had tested, EqualLogic was the easiest to manage. A lot has happened since ESG Lab first tested EqualLogic in EqualLogic gained thousands of customers as iscsi adoption took off. Dell purchased EqualLogic for more than $1.4 billion in cash. The product line has matured to include a growing list of valuable enterprise-class capabilities, including thin provisioning and solid-state disk support. EqualLogic continues to add to its family of powerful software add-ons that are provided to new and existing customers with support contracts at no additional cost. We expected that EqualLogic systems, like most products that have matured through major revisions and a major acquisition, would have become more complicated over time. We were pleasantly surprised to learn that the core mission of making simple, affordable, scalable SANs has not been lost. Configuring an EqualLogic system is wizard driven and easy. We configured a 14-array system using 12 generations of hardware, all running the same software, and exercised an amazing number of powerful management capabilities in a short amount of time. There is still no charge for software, and the software offerings continue to grow. Host integration tools make it easy to deploy a storage system in a virtual environment running enterprise applications and remaining completely protected at all times. ESG Lab is impressed with the simplicity and affordability of a Dell EqualLogic solution, not only from an initial cost perspective, but also from a return on investment. The model we created and compared with those of other leading storage vendors proves the savings potential. In the grand scheme of things, the goal of an IT organization is to provide solutions that meet the ever-growing needs of the business. ESG has confirmed that Dell EqualLogic can be used to meet one of the most, if not the most, important needs for the business: deliver IT solutions that simply do what the customers want, when they want it, at an affordable price.

14 Appendix TCO Assumptions Lab Validation: Dell EqualLogic TCO Analysis 14 A modeled five-year TCO of a small and large organization (primary site and DR site) was created by ESG Lab comparing Dell EqualLogic with two other leading storage vendors in the same market. Due to a spike in data growth, the model takes in to account a necessary hardware upgrade at year three to allow for more storage capacity. This can be seen in Table 1. For a small site at year one, the total managed capacity was 30TB. At year three, it was increased to 85TB. For a large site at year one, the total managed capacity was 50TB. At year three, it was increased to 170TB. Table 1. TCO Modeled Primary Site Storage Requirements Site Size Year of Ownership Total Managed Storage Capacity Small Large 1 30TB 3 85TB 1 50TB 3 170TB Mixed drive types (SSD, SAS, and SATA) were used based on performance needs. The primary site utilized mostly SAS drives as opposed to SATA drives and vice-versa at the DR site. The large primary site was the only modeled solution to use SSD drives. Aside from hardware and software costs, as well as support costs for both, the model also took into account power/cooling expenses and management expenses. Power and cooling costs were estimated to be 9.3 cents per kwh based on the average retail cost of electricity in the U.S. in December 2011 as documented by the U.S. Energy Information Administration ( Pricing data was gathered from publicly available sources and quotes were provided to ESG Lab by two resellers as of March 1, Management costs were calculated based on average salaries, as well as common tasks associated with the management of an IT infrastructure. It was assumed that a general IT administrator with an hourly rate of $40/hour can manage a Dell EqualLogic infrastructure, and a senior storage administrator with an hourly rate of $55/hour is needed for traditional storage solutions ( The tasks ESG Lab modeled were: monitor, plan, provision, expand, tier, snap setup, snap recover, DR setup, DR test, network configuration. Two other larger tasks included in the management costs were the migration of old data to the newly deployed infrastructure and the addition of a new system to an existing infrastructure. Each task was assigned an amount of time to complete (in minutes), as well as a monthly frequency.

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