Object-Oriented & Classical Soft Engineering

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1 Object-Oriented & Classical Soft Engineering Seventh Edition Stephen R. Schach Vanderbilt University Higher Education Boston Burr Ridge, IL Dubuque, IA New York San Francisco St. Louis Bangkok Bogota Caracas Kuala Lumpur Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi Santiago Seoul Singapore Sydney Taipei Toronto

Contents Preface v PART ONE INTRODUCTION TO SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 1 Chapter 1 The Scope of Software Engineering 3 Learning Objectives 3 1.1 Historical Aspects 4 1.2 Economic Aspects 7 1.

2 Contents Preface v PART ONE INTRODUCTION TO SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 1 Chapter 1 The Scope of Software Engineering 3 Learning Objectives Historical Aspects Economic Aspects Maintenance Aspects Classical and Modern Views of Maintenance The Importance of Postdelivery Maintenance Requirements, Analysis, and Design Aspects Team Development Aspects Why There 1s No Planning Phase Why There Is No Testing Phase Why There Is No Documentation Phase The Object-Oriented Paradigm The Object-Oriented Paradigm in Perspective Terminology Ethical Issues 27 Chapter Review 28 For Further Reading 28 Key Terms 29 Problems 30 References 31 Chapter 2 Software Life-Cycle Models 35 Learning Objectives Software Development in Theory Winburg Mini Case Study Lessons of the Winburg Mini Case Study Teal Tractors Mini Case Study Iteration and Incrementation Winburg Mini Case Study Revisited Risks and Other Aspects of Iteration and Incrementation Managing Iteration and Incrementation Other Life-Cycle Models Code-and-Fix Life-Cycle Model Waterfall Life-Cycle Model Rapid-Prototyping Life-Cycle Model Open-Source Life-Cycle Model Agile Processes Synchronize-and-Stabilize Life-Cycle Model Spiral Life-Cycle Model Comparison of Life-Cycle Models 64 Chapter Review 65 For Further Reading 66 Key Terms 67 Problems 67 References 68 Chapter 3 The Software Process 71 Learning Objectives The Unified Process Iteration and Incrementation within the Object-Oriented Paradigm The Requirements Workflow The Analysis Workflow The Design Workflow The Implementation Workflow The Test Workflow Requirements Artifacts Analysis Artifacts Design Artifacts Implementation Artifacts 82 xiii

xiv Contents 3.8 Postdelivery Maintenance 84 3.9 Retirement 85 3.10 The Phases of the Unified Process 85 3.10.1 The Inception Phase 86 3.10.2 The Elaboration Phase 88 3.10.3 The Construction Phase 89 3.

3 xiv Contents 3.8 Postdelivery Maintenance Retirement The Phases of the Unified Process The Inception Phase The Elaboration Phase The Construction Phase The Transition Phase One- versus Two-Dimensional Life-Cycle Models Improving the Software Process Capability Maturity Models Other Software Process Improvement Initiatives Costs and Benefits of Software Process Improvement 96 Chapter Review 98 For Further Reading 98 Key Terms 99 Problems 100 References 100 Chapter 4 Teams 104 Learning Objectives Team Organization Democratic Team Approach Analysis ofthe Democratic Team Approach Classical Chief Programmer Team Approach The New York Times Project lmpracticality ofthe Classical Chief Programmer Team Approach Beyond Chief Programmer and Democratic Teams Synchronize-and-Stabilize Teams Teams for Agile Processes Open-Source Programming Teams People Capability Maturity Model Choosing an Appropriate Team Organization 117 Chapter Review 118 For Further Reading 118 Key Terms 118 Problems 119 References 119 Chapter 5 The Tools of the Trade 121 Learning Objectives Stepwise Refinement Stepwise Refinement Mini Case Study Cost-Benefit Analysis Software Metrics CASE TaxonomyofCASE ScopeofCASE Software Versions Revisions Variations Configuration Control Configuration Control during Postdelivery Maintenance Baselines Configuration Control during Development Build Tools Productivity Gains with CASE Technology 142 Chapter Review 144 For Further Reading 144 Key Terms 144 Problems 145 References 146 Chapter 6 Testing 149 Learning Objectives Quality Issues Software Quality Assurance Managerial Independence Non-Execution-Based Testing Walkthroughs Managing Walkthroughs Inspections 154

Contents xv 6.2.4 Comparison of Inspections and Walkthroughs 156 6.2.5 Strengths and Weaknesses of Reviews 157 6.2.6 Metrics fbr Inspections 157 6.3 Execution-Based Testing 157 6.

4 Contents xv Comparison of Inspections and Walkthroughs Strengths and Weaknesses of Reviews Metrics fbr Inspections Execution-Based Testing What Should Be Tested? Utility Reliability Robustness Performance Correctness Testing versus Correctness Proofs Example of a Correctness Proof Correctness Proof Mini Case Study Correctness Proofs and Software Engineering Who Should Perform Execution-Based Testing? When Testing Stops 171 Chapter Review 171 For Further Reading 172 Key Terms 172 Problems 173 References 174 Chapter 7 From Modules to Objects 177 Learning Objectives What Is a Module? Cohesion Coincidental Cohesion Logical Cohesion Temporal Cohesion Procedural Cohesion Communicational Cohesion Functional Cohesion Informational Cohesion Cohesion Example Coupling Content Coupling Common Coupling Control Coupling Stamp Coupling Data Coupling Coupling Example The Importance of Coupling Data Encapsulation Data Encapsulation and Development Data Encapsulation and Maintenance Abstract Data Types Information Hiding Objects Inheritance, Polymorphism, and Dynamic Binding The Object-Oriented Paradigm 212 Chapter Review 214 For Further Reading 215 Key Terms 215 Problems 216 References 217 Chapter 8 Reusability and Portability 219 Learning Objectives Reuse Concepts Impediments to Reuse Reuse Case Studies Raytheon Missile Systems Division European Space Agency Objects and Reuse Reuse during Design and Implementation Design Reuse Applikation Frameworks Design Patterns Software Architecture Component-Based Software Engineering Reuse and Postdelivery Maintenance Portability Hardware Incompatibilities Operating System Incompatibilities Numerical Software Incompatibilities Compiler Incompatibilities 237

xvi Contents 8.8 Why Portability? 241 8.9

5 xvi Contents 8.8 Why Portability? Techniques for Achieving Portability Portable System Software Portable Application Software Portable Data 243 Chapter Review 244 For Further Reading 245 Key Terms 246 Problems 246, References 247, Chapter 9 Planning and Estimating 252 Learning Objectives Planning and the Software Process Estimating Duration and Cost Metricsfor the Size ofa Product Techniques of Cost Estimation Intermediate COCOMO COCOMO II Tracking Duration and Cost Estimates Components of a Software Project Management Plan Software Project Management Plan Framework IEEE Software Project Management Plan Planning Testing Planning Object-Oriented Projects Training Requirements Documentation Standards CASE Tools for Planning and Estimating Testing the Software Project Management Plan 276 Chapter Review 276 For Further Reading 277 Key Terms 277 Problems 278 References 279 PART TWO THE WORKFLOWS OF THE SOFTWARE LIFE CYCLE 283 Chapter 10 Requirements 285 Learning Objectives Determining What the Client Needs Overview of the Requirements Workflow Understanding the Domain The Business Model Interviewing Other Techniques Use Cases Initial Requirements Initial Understanding of the Domain: The MSG Foundation Case Study Initial Business Model: The MSG Foundation Case Study Initial Requirements: The MSG Foundation Case Study Continuing the Requirements Workflow: The MSG Foundation Case Study Revising the Requirements: The MSG Foundation Case Study The Test Workflow: The MSG Foundation Case Study The Classical Requirements Phase Rapid Prototyping Human Factors Reusing the Rapid Prototype CASE Tools for the Requirements Workflow Metrics for the Requirements Workflow Challenges of the Requirements Workflow 325 Chapter Review 327 For Further Reading 327 Key Terms 327 Case Study Key Terms 328 Problems 328 References 329

Contents xvii Chapter 11 Classical Analysis 331 Learning Objectives 331 11.1 The Specification Document 331 11.2 Informal Specifications 333 11.2.1 Correctness ProofMini Case Study Redux 334 11.

6 Contents xvii Chapter 11 Classical Analysis 331 Learning Objectives The Specification Document Informal Specifications Correctness ProofMini Case Study Redux Structured Systems Analysi s Salfy 's Software Shop Mini Case Study 335 1T.4 Structured Systems Analysis: The MSG Foundation Case Study Other Semiformal Techniques Entity-Relationship Modeling Finite State Machines Finite State Machines: The Elevator Problem Case Study PetriNets Petri Nets: The Elevator Problem Case Study Z Z: The Elevator Problem Case Study Analysis ofz Other Formal Techniques Comparison of Classical Analysis Techniques Testing during Classical Analysis CASE Tools for Classical Analysis Metrics for Classical Analysis Software Project Management Plan: The MSG Foundation Case Study Challenges of Classical Analysis 367 Chapter Review 367 For Further Reading 368 Key Terms 368 Case Study Key Terms 369 Problems 369 References 371 Chapter12 Object-Oriented Analysis 375 Learning Objectives The Analysis Workflow Extracting the Entity Classes Object-Oriented Analysis: The Elevator Problem Case Study Functional Modeling: The Elevator Problem Case Study Entity Class Modeling: The Elevator Problem Case Study Noun Extraction CRC Cards Dynamic Modeling: The Elevator Problem Case Study The Test Workflow: Object-Oriented Analysis Extracting the Boundary and Control Classes The Initial Functional Model: The MSG Foundation Case Study The Initial Class Diagram: The MSG Foundation Case Study The Initial Dynamic Model: The MSG Foundation Case Study Revising the Entity Classes: The MSG Foundation Case Study Extracting the Boundary Classes: The MSG Foundation Case Study Extracting the Control Classes: The MSG Foundation Case Study Use-Case Realization: The MSG Foundation Case Study Estimate Funds Available for Week Use Case Manage an Asset Use Case Update Estimated Annual Operating Expenses Use Case Produce a Report Use Case Incrementing the Class Diagram: The MSG Foundation Case Study The Test Workflow: The MSG Foundation Case Study The Specification Document in the Unified Process More on Actors and Use Cases CASE Tools for the Object-Oriented Analysis Workflow 425

7 xviii Contents Challenges of the Object-Oriented Analysis Workflow 425 Chapter Review 426 For Further Reading 427 Key Terms 427 Problems 428 References 429 Chapter 13 Design 431, Learning Objectives Design and Abstraction Operation-Oriented Design Data Flow Analysis Mini Case Study: Word Counting Data Flow Analysis Extensions Transaction Analysis Data-Oriented Design Object-Oriented Design Object-Oriented Design: The Elevator Problem Case Study Object-Oriented Design: The MSG Foundation Case Study The Design Workflow The Test Workflow: Design The Test Workflow: The MSG Foundation Case Study Formal Techniques for Detailed Design Real-Time Design Techniques CASE Tools for Design Metrics for Design Challenges of the Design Workflow 457 Chapter Review 458 For Further Reading 458 Key Terms 459 Problems 459 References 460 Chapter 14 Implementation 463 Learning Objectives Choice of Programming Language Fourth-Generation Languages Good Programming Practice Use of Consistent and Meaningful Variable Names The Issue of Self-Documenting Code Use of Parameters Code Layout for Increased Readability Nested if Statements Coding Standards Code Reuse Integration Top-down Integration Bottom-up Integration Sandwich Integration Integration of Object-Oriented Products Management of Integration The Implementation Workflow The Implementation Workflow: The MSG Foundation Case Study The Test Workflow: Implementation Test Case Selection Testing to Specifications versus Testing to Code Feasibility of Testing to Specifications Feasibility of Testing to Code Black-Box Unit-Testing Techniques Equivalence Testing and Boundary Value Analysis Functional Testing Black-Box Test Cases: The MSG Foundation Case Study Glass-Box Unit-Testing Techniques Structural Testing: Statement, Branch, and Path Coverage Complexity Metrics Code Walkthroughs and Inspections Comparison of Unit-Testing Techniques Cleanroom Potential Problems When Testing Objects Management Aspects of Unit Testing 498

Contents xix 14.19 When to Rewrite Rather than Debug a Code Artifact 498 14.20 Integration Testing 499 14.21 Product Testing 500 14.22 Acceptance Testing 501 14.

8 Contents xix When to Rewrite Rather than Debug a Code Artifact Integration Testing Product Testing Acceptance Testing The Test Workflow: The MSG Foundation Case Study CASE Tools for Implementation CASE Tools for the Complete Software Process Integrated Development Environments Environments for Business Applications Public Tool Infrastructures Potential Problems with Environments CASE Tools for the Test Workflow Metrics for the Implementation Workflow Challenges of the Implementation Workflow 507 Chapter Review 507 For Further Reading 508 Key Terms 509 Problems 509 References 511 Chapter15 Postdelivery Maintenance 515 Learning Obj ectives Development and Maintenance Why Postdelivery Maintenance IsNecessary What Is Required of Postdelivery Maintenance Programmers? Postdelivery Maintenance Mini Case Study Management of Postdelivery Maintenance Defect Reports Authorizing Changes to the Product Ensuring Maintainability Problem of Repeated Maintenance Maintenance of Obj ect-oriented Software Postdelivery Maintenance Skills versus Development Skills Reverse Engineering Testing during Postdelivery Maintenance CASE Tools for Postdelivery Maintenance Metrics for Postdelivery Maintenance Postdelivery Maintenance: The MSG Foundation Case Study Challenges of Postdelivery Maintenance 530 Chapter Review 531 For Further Reading 531 Key Terms 532 Problems 532 References 533 Chapter 16 More on UML 535 Learning Objectives UML Is Not a Methodology Class Diagrams Aggregation Multiplicity Composition Generalization Association Notes Use-Case Diagrams Stereotypes Interaction Diagrams Statecharts Activity Diagrams Packages Component Diagrams Deployment Diagrams Review of UML Diagrams UML and Iteration 5 51 Chapter Review 551

XX Contents For Further Reading 552 Key Terms 552 Problems 552 References 553 Bibliography 554 Appendix A Term Project: Osric's Office Appliances and Decor 579 Appendix B Software Engineering

9 XX Contents For Further Reading 552 Key Terms 552 Problems 552 References 553 Bibliography 554 Appendix A Term Project: Osric's Office Appliances and Decor 579 Appendix B Software Engineering Resources 583 Appendix C * Requirements Workflow: The MSG Foundation Case Study 585 Appendix D Structured Systems Analysis: The MSG Foundation Case Study 586 Appendix E Analysis Workflow: The MSG Foundation Case Study 589 Appendix F Software Project Management Plan: The MSG Foundation Case Study 590 Appendix G Design Workflow: The MSG Foundation Case Study 595 Appendix H Implementation Workflow: The MSG Foundation Case Study (C++ Version) 600 Appendix I Implementation Workflow: The MSG Foundation Case Study (Java Version) 601 Appendix J Test Workflow: The MSG Foundation Case Study 602 Author Index 603 Subject Index 606

SOFTWARE ENGINEERING WITH JAVA

SOFTWARE ENGINEERING WITH JAVA Stephen R. Schach Vanderbilt University Irwin McGraw-Hill Boston, Massachusetts Burr Ridge, Illinois Dubuque, Iowa Madison, Wisconsin New York, New York San Francisco, California