Introduction to Information Systems

Transcription

1 Introduction to Information Systems Heesop Kim (Prof.) Department of Library and Information Science Kyungpook National University Daegu, Korea Homepage: Input, Processing, Output, Feedback Input: activity of gathering and capturing raw data Processing: converting data into useful outputs Output: production of useful information Usually in the form of documents and reports Feedback: information from the system Used to make changes to input or processing activities 2 1

2 CBISs A CBIS (computer-based information system) is composed of hardware, software, databases, telecommunications, people, and procedures that are configured to collect, manipulate, store, and process data into information A CBIS is also known as a business s technology infrastructure because it consists of the shared IS resources that form the foundation of the information systems Components of a CBIS 2

3 Hardware Components of a CBIS The physical components of a computer that perform the input, processing, storage, and output activities of the computer Input devices: keyboards, scanning devices, etc. Processing devices: CPU, main memory Output devices: storage devices, printers, screens Software Components of a CBIS The computer programs that govern the operation of the computer System software: controls basic computer operations such as startup and printing (e.g., Windows 10) Applications software: allows specific tasks to be accomplished such as word processing (e.g., MS Office) 3

4 Database Components of a CBIS An organized collection of facts and information. One of the most valuable and important parts of a CBIS. Typically consists of two or more related data files Components of a CBIS Telecommunications, Networks, and the Internet Telecommunications is the electronic transmission of signals for communications; enables organizations to carry out their processes and tasks through effective computer networks Networks connect computers and equipment that are enabling electronic communication 4

5 Components of a CBIS The Internet is the world s largest computer network, consisting of thousands of interconnected networks The Intranet is an internal network based on Web technologies that allows people within an organization to exchange information and work on project The Extranet is a network based on Web technologies that allows selected outsiders, such as business partners and customers, to access authorized resources of a company s intranet The World Wide Web, or simply Web, is a network of links on the Internet to documents containing text, graphics, video, and sound People Components of a CBIS The most important element in most CBISs. They make the difference between success and failure for most organizations IS personnel include all the people who manage, run, program, and maintain the system, including the CIO, who manages the IS department Users are people who work with IS to get results Procedures Include the strategies, policies, methods, and rules for using the CBIS 5

6 Types of Information System Business Information Systems Electronic commerce E-commerce involves any business transaction executed electronically between parties such as companies (business-tobusiness, B2B), companies and consumers (business-to-consumer, B2C), consumer-to-consumer(c2c) business and the public sector, and consumers and the public sector <Source> <Source> Types of Information System Business Information Systems Mobile commerce (m-commerce) The use of mobile, wireless devices to place orders and conduct business With mobile commerce(m-commerce), people can use cell phones to pay for goods and services anywhere, anytime 6

7 Types of Information System Business Information Systems Electron business (e-business) Using information systems and the Internet to perform all businessrelated tasks and functions E-business goes beyond e-commerce to include using information systems and the Internet to perform all business-related tasks and functions, such as accounting, finance, marketing, manufacturing, and human resources activities Types of Information System Business Information Systems Transaction: any business-related exchange, such as payments to employees, sales to customers, or payments to suppliers <Transaction Log File> <Source> 7

8 E-commerce Types of Information System Types of Information System Management Information Systems (MIS) An organized collection of people, procedures, software, databases, and devices used to provide routine information to managers and decision makers The focus of an MIS is primarily on operational efficiency <Source> 8

9 Types of Information System Knowledge management systems (KMSs) An organized collection of people, procedures, software, databases, and devices Create, store, share, and use the organization s knowledge and experience Types of Information System GIS (Geographic Information System) <Source> 9

10 Types of Information System Medical Information System <Source> Artificial Intelligence Types of Information System AI: a field that involves computer systems taking on the characteristics of human intelligence 10

11 Artificial Intelligence Types of Information System Expert Systems A system that gives a computer the ability to make suggestions and function like an expert in a particular field allow organizations to capture and use the wisdom of experts and specialists Expert: A person with a high degree of skill in or knowledge of a certain subject <Source> Artificial Intelligence Types of Information System Knowledge base The collection of data, rules, procedures, and relationships that must be followed to achieve value or the proper outcome <Source> H/SocioCog/index.html 11

12 Artificial Intelligence Types of Information System Virtual reality The simulation of a real or imagined environment that can be experienced visually in three dimension Originally, the term referred to immersive virtual reality, which means the user becomes fully immersed in an artificial, threedimensional world that is completely generated by a computer <Source> Virtual Reality Types of Information System Second Life A virtual world entirely built and owned by its residents, who often are called avatars. 12

13 Types of Information System Library and Information Center Library Automation Systems Acquisitions System; Selection; Acquisition; Registration; Binding; Weeding Circulation System; Cataloging System; Serials/Periodicals System; Information Service (Reference) System; Library Administration and Planning System; and Inter-Library Loan System; Indexing System; etc Digital Libraries (Systems) Information Retrieval Systems Types of Information System Library and Information Center For examples: 13

14 Systems Development The activity of creating or modifying existing business systems Future projects in systems development Applying analytics to large amounts of data Leveraging advantages of cloud computing Creating more mobile applications Companies may outsource some or all of a systems development project Systems Development Life Cycle 14

15 Systems Development: Investigation, Analysis, and Design Systems investigation: gain clear understanding of the specifics of the problem to be solved or the opportunity to be addressed Systems analysis Study the existing system to uncover its strengths and weaknesses Identify what the new system must do to meet the needs of the users and the organization System Design Determine how the new system must work Identify what inputs are required Ascertain what outputs must be produced 15

16 Systems Development: Construction Convert the system design into an operational information system Acquire and install hardware and software Code and test software programs Create and load data into databases Perform initial program testing Systems Development: Integration and Testing Link together all the components of the system Demonstrates that the system as a whole does indeed meet the user and business requirements 16

17 Systems Development: Implementation Install the new system into the actual production computer environment in which it is expected to run Resolve any problems uncovered in integration and testing Systems Development: Operation, Maintenance, and Disposition Operation and maintenance: identify and make necessary changes to the system Disposition: activities at the end of the useful life of the system Extract data from the system s database Convert data to new format for the replacement system 17

18 Information Systems in Business and Society Information systems have been developed to meet the needs of all types of organizations and people Speed and widespread use opens users to a variety of threats from unethical people Security, Privacy, and Ethical Issues Edward Snowden case raised questions regarding justified invasion of privacy Ethical issues concern what is generally considered right or wrong Protective measures Laws: The Privacy Act Firewalls Identification numbers and passwords 18

19 Information Systems Concerns Job loss due to increased efficiency Potential health problems, e.g., injuries due to repetitive motions Avoiding health-related problems with using computer systems Ergonomics: study of designing and positioning workplace equipment Computer and Information Systems Literacy Computer literacy: knowledge of hardware, software, databases and telecommunications and the ways they function Information systems literacy: knowledge of how data and information are used by individuals, groups, and organizations 19

20 Information literacy Computer and Information Systems Literacy (cont d.) Recognize a need for additional information Find, access, evaluate, and effectively use that information to deal with the issue or problem at hand Three Levels of Literacy Needed for Success 20

21 Global Challenges in Information Systems Cultural and language challenges Time and distance challenges Infrastructure challenges Currency challenges Product and service challenges Global Challenges in Information Systems (cont d.) Technology transfer issues State, regional, and national laws Trade agreements 21

22 Why learn about Information Systems? Advance in your career Solve problems Realize opportunities Meet your career goals Good librarians are well equipped to be good systems analysts Careers in Information Systems Successful IS workers must: Enjoy working in a fast-paced, dynamic environment Meet deadlines and solving unexpected challenges Possess good communication skills Have solid analytical and decision-making skills 44 22

23 Careers in Information Systems Successful IS workers must: Develop effective team and leadership skills Be adept at implementing organization change Be prepared to engage in life-long learning 45 Important Skills for IS Workers Mobile applications for smartphones, tablet computers, and other mobile devices Program and application development Help desk and technical support Project management Networking 46 23

24 Important Skills for IS Workers Business intelligence Security Web 2.0 and Data center Telecommunications 47 Occupational Outlook for Selected Information Systems Positions 48 24

25 Undergraduate Degrees in IS Fields 49 Best Places to Work as an IS Professional Rank According to Computerworld According to Business Insider 1 Quicken Loans Facebook 2 USAA Guidewire 3 Career Builder Riverbed Technology 4 Commonwealth Financial Net Riot Games work 5 World Wide Technology Google 6 Sharp Healthcare SAS Institute 7 Transocean Workday 8 Qualcomm Responsys 9 Genentech Exact Target 10 Pricewatercoopers Orbitz 50 25

26 Summary Principle 1 Data: raw facts System: set of elements that interact to accomplish a goal Components of an information system Input, processing, output, and feedback Summary Principle 2 Components of a computer-based information system (CBIS) Hardware, software, databases, telecommunications and the Internet, people, and procedures E-commerce: any business transaction executed electronically between parties 26

27 Summary Principles 3 and 4 Systems development: creating or modifying existing business systems Computer, information systems, and information literacy Prerequisites for numerous job opportunities; not limited to the IS field 27