Major attributes of the Lifecycle. The Systems Development Lifecycle. Project phases. Planning. Design. Analysis

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1 Modelling and Systems Development Lecture 2 The Systems Development Lifecycle The four-phase model common to all system development projects Major attributes of the Lifecycle The project Moves systematically through phases where each phase has a standard set of outputs Produces project deliverables Uses deliverables in implementation Results in actual information system Uses gradual refinement Project phases Planning Why build the system? Analysis Who, what, when, where will the system be? How will the system work? Implementation System delivery Planning Identifying business value Analyze feasibility Develop work plan Staff the project Control and direct project Analysis Analysis Information gathering Process modeling Data modeling Physical design Architectural design Interface design Database and file design Program design 1

2 Construction Installation Implementation Processes and deliverables Process Product Planning Project Plan Analysis System Proposal Implementation System Specification New System and Maintenance Plan What is a methodology? A formalized approach or series of steps Writing code without a well-thought-out system request may work for small programs, but rarely works for large ones Structured Projects move methodically from one to the next step Generally, a step is finished before the next one begins Waterfall Development Method Pros and cons of the Waterfall Method Pros Identifies systems requirements long before programming begins Cons must be specified on paper before programming begins Long time between system proposal and delivery of new system 2

3 Alternatives to the SDLC Rapid Application Development (RAD) Phased Development Prototyping Throw-Away Prototyping Rapid Application Development Critical elements: CASE tools JAD sessions Fourth generation/visual programming languages Code generators Rapid Application Development categories How prototyping works Phased development A series of versions Prototyping System prototyping Throw-away prototyping prototyping Throwaway Prototyping Object-Oriented Analysis and Attempts to balance emphasis on data and process Uses Unified Modeling Language (UML) for diagramming Use-case Driven Architecture Centric Iterative and Incremental 3

4 Use-case driven A use case describes part of the system functionality needed by a user when performing a certain task Together, the use cases form the complete requirements document Use-case driven development is phased development where each version adds a new use case Architecture centric The underlying software architecture of the evolving system specification drives the specification, construction, and documentation of the system Functional view (use cases) Static view (CRC cards, class diagrams) Dynamic view (sequence diagrams, collaboration diagrams, state charts) Iterative and incremental Development consists of a large number of small projects (iterations) Each iteration implements one (or a few) use cases Each iteration delivers working, tested code Advantages: Throwing away a failed iteration is cheap High-risk aspects can be tested in early iterations Rational Unified Process (RUP) Example of an OO development methodology (1997) A complete framework that can be adapted and extended to suit the need of different organizations and different types of projects Emphasis on building models rather than paper documents Models gradually refined throughout the process lifecycle Extreme Programming (XP) A lightweight process (1998) with an emphasis on producing high-quality executable code throughout the development process Small iterations Write tests before writing code Pair programming Continuous integration On-site customer Agile Development Set of principles (2001) that favors individuals and interactions over processes and tools Use simple, free tools until you outgrow them working software over comprehensive documentation Produce no document until its need is immediate and significant consumer collaboration over contract negotation responding to change over following a plan Make detailed plans for the next two weeks, very rough plans for the next three months, extremely crude plans beyond that 4

5 Team roles and skills Business analyst Systems analyst Infrastructure analyst Change management analyst Project manager 5

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