SAP Excellence. Series editors: Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Peter Mertens, Universitat Erlangen-Niirnberg. Dr. Peter Zen eke, SAP AG, Walldorf
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1 SAP Excellence Series editors: Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Peter Mertens, Universitat Erlangen-Niirnberg Dr. Peter Zen eke, SAP AG, Walldorf
2 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
3 Hans-J iirgen Appelrath Jorg Ritter SAP R/3 Implementation Methods and Tools With 48 Figures and 5 Tables, Springer
4 Professor Dr. Hans-Jiirgen Appelrath Institut OFFIS Escherweg Oldenburg Germany Dipl.-Inform. Jorg Ritter ose GmbH Industriestr Oldenburg Germany ISBN Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Appelrath, Hans-Jiirgen: SAP R/3 Implementation: methods and tools; with 5 tables 1 Hans Jiirgen Appelrath; Jorg Ritter. ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2000 Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 2000 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2000 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Hardcover-Design: Erich Kirchner, Heidelberg SPIN / Printed on acid-free paper
5 Preface Manufacturers of standard business software products, such as SAP AG, promise users a faster realization of their requirements for establishing modern business information systems compared with custom-written software. The vision: The software product - in this case Rl3 - is actually already "complete" and "only" needs to be implemented customer-specific for each company. However, on account of the complexity of the Rl3 system with several million lines of program code and more than 10,000 tables with their almost unlimited number of application and customer-specific settings (parameterization), many observers consider that the implementation requires just as much effort, cost and unknown factors as the realization of one-off software. The reduction of the undoubted complexity of an Rl3 implementation requires a well-considered procedure with support from the appropriate software tools. SAP provides here the so-called ASAP method as implementation roadmap and a number of useful tools for these individual phases and their work packages. Despite these offerings, the employees who perform or are affected by an Rl3 implementation will be initially confronted with many new terms and concepts that complicate the understanding of the Rl3 world, the compliance with the procedure model, and the use of the associated tools. This book addresses these problems: It provides a compact but well-grounded introduction to the Rl3 terminology. Chapter 1 builds on the well known concepts from computer science and business data processing to discuss several technical principles, and important components and capabilities of the Rl3 system. Chapter 2 introduces concepts and questions associated with the procedure for the application system development. Chapter 3 builds on this to explain the tasks and methods associated with the Rl3 implementation accompanying the SAP Implementation Roadmap phases. Chapter 4 provides a more detailed discussion of the Roadmap tools that support the Rl3 implementation. Because there are hardly any systematic investigations concerning Rl3 implementation problems and the continuing fast further development of the Rl3 system would in any case soon render the presented methods and tools obsolete, we have intentionally omitted a complete assessment of them. This book concentrates on providing a compact description of the problems associated with the implementation, and those methods and tools the SAP provides to solve them. The audience of this book: We expect that it will be read by project leaders and interested team members before or at the start of an Rl3 implementation, and that it will serve as reference in the subsequent phases. Specifically, this book should answer the question "Who must perform which activities and when during an Rl3 implementation and what tools can they use?". The book should also serve as the
6 VI Preface accompanying literature for lectures at universities and polytechnics, in particular for practical exercises and project groups. The (classic) software engineering as a scientific discipline has not yet paid sufficient attention to the questions of the development, implementation and maintenance of standard software products such as Rl3. Traditionally, software engineering concentrated on custom-written software. The procedure models and CASE tools established for this environment are not suitable for the implementation ("customizing") of standard software. There exists almost no specialized method and tool theory for such implementation and maintenance processes. This is especially surprising as the System Rl3 alone with approximately 20,000 installations (status as at the beginning of 1999) is such a widely-used product. The pursuit of this topic would not only be of scientific appeal, but would certainly receive broad interest in practice. Perhaps universities and research institutes will soon find more interest for such questions. The dynamism of the Rl3 system places a challenge for every author. The rapid changes in the details of the procedure model and, in particular, the supporting tools, possibly make the half-life of some information in a book short. However, we wish to achieve a certain depth of information and not remain too general and abstract on the "surface". Our concrete system and tool-related statements apply to Rl3 release level 4.0B, and Version 4.0 (December 1998) for the ASAP method. We make explicit references to any important further developments present in newer versions. Complex software for changing operational conditions, in particular for a product like Rl3, is not just simply implemented and then remains in a stabile state. Consequently, all ideas about a completed activity or a term such as "business process optimization" (as if there could be a suitable metric and a stabile optimum) are misleading. However, we have restricted ourselves to the complex implementation process, in the knowledge that the importance of topics like "Continuous Engineering" will be discussed later in an appropriate book from "SAP Excellence" series. The following books have already been published in this series: Appelrath, Hans-Jiirgen; Ritter, Jorg: SAP Rl3 Implementation - Methods and Tools Becker, Jorg; Uhr, Wolfgang; Vering, Oliver: Retail Information Systems based on SAP Products Buxmann, Peter; Konig, Wolfgang: Inter-Organizational Cooperation with SAP-Systems - Perspectives on Logistics and Service Management Knolmayer, Gerhard; Mertens, Peter; Zeier, Alexander: Supply Chain Management based on SAP-Systems. Order Processing in Manufacturing Companies A feature of all these books, including this one, is that SAP AG employees have checked the correctness of technical statements with regard to their applicability to the current software. At this point we would like to thank the partners who cooperated with us on Rl3-related projects, and the employees at OFFIS (Olden burger Forschungs- und
7 Preface VII Entwicklungsinstitut fur Inforrnatik-Werkzeuge und -Systeme). They all provided us with competent support for the creation and correction of the manuscript. In particular, we would like to mention Mr. Klaus Meyners (KPMGConsulting GmbH) and Messrs. Andreas Bartelt, Guido Schimm, Alexander Scharnofske and Thorsten Teschke from OFFIS, all of whom contributed to this book. We would also like to thank Mr. Michael Erhardt as the SAP contact partner who supported us with our questions and in manuscript. Finally, we would like to express appreciation of the support from Springer Verlag for the fast publication and ensuring this English translation for the international market. A final comment: Because of the effort involved, we do not provide a monitored Website for this book. However, it contains many references to relevant URLs, and possibly there will be a second edition, for which we can then provide this service when we have support. Prof. Dr. Hans-Jiirgen Appelrath OFFIS Escherweg 2 D Oldenburg Germany appelrath@offis.de Dipl.-Inforrn. Jorg Ritter OSCGmbH Industriestr. II D Idenburg Germany ritter@o-s-c.de
8 Table of Contents PREFACE... V 1 BUSINESS APPLICATION SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION Enterprise Architecture Standard Software Integration of Software TASKS AND BUSINESS PROCESSES Tasks Business Processes ARCHITECTURES Multi-level Client/Server Architectures Relational Database Systems Object-oriented Architectures THE Rl3 SYSTEM Client/Server Architecture of the Rl3 System Internet Connection Components of the Rl3 System Function-related Components Cross-Function Components System Components ABAP/4 Development Workbench Organizational Structures of the Rl3 System Rl3 Reference Model PROCEDURE MODELS FOR THE APPLICATION SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION Development of Standard Software Systems Tasks of the Development and Implementation Adaptation SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT PROCESSES AND PROCEDURE MODELS Phase Model Extended Phase Models Classification of the Rl3 Implementation SAP PROCEDURE MODELS AcceleratedSAP - The Accelerated Rl3 Implementation... 64
9 X Table of Contents Additional Roadmaps TOOLS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION AND DEVELOPMENT Function-related Tools Cross-Function Tools THE IMPLEMENTATION ROADMAP PHASE 1: PROJECT PREPARATION Initial Project Planning Project Procedures Project Kickoff Technical Requirements Planning Quality Check Project Preparation Phase PHASE 2: BUSINESS BLUEPRINT Business Blueprint Project Management Training of the Business Blueprint Project Team Develop System Environment Business Organization Structure Business Process Definition Quality Check Business Blueprint Phase PHASE 3: REALIZATION Project Management Realization Phase Project Team Training Realization Phase Baseline Configuration and Confirmation Final Configuration and Confirmation System Administration Development of Data Conversion Programs Development of Application Interface Programs Development of System Enhancements Create Reports Create Forms Establish the Authorization Concept Establish Archiving Management Final Integration Test End User Documentation and Training Material Quality Check Realization Phase PHASE 4: FINAL PREPARATION Project Management Final Preparation End User Training System Management Detailed Planning for Cut-Over and Support Cut-Over Quality Check Final Preparation Phase PHASE 5: Go LIVE AND SUPPORT TOOLS TOOLS IN THE Rl3 IMPLEMENTATION ENVIRONMENT
10 Table of Contents XI 4.2 IMPLEMENTATION ASSISTANT MSPROJECT Basic Principles Project Plans for the Rl3 Implementation Adaptation of a Project Plan QUESTION & ANSWER DATABASE I Overview Questions for the Enterprise Process Hierarchy ssues Database Business Process Master List Outlook STRUCTURE MODELER CONCEPT CHECK TOOL BUSINESS NAVIGATOR Navigation in the Rl3 Reference Model Process Hierarchy Component Hierarchy Navigation Capabilities TOOLS FOR THE BUSINESS PROCESS MODELING Model Adaptation and Improvements ARIS Toolset Outlook CUSTOMIZING I 1mplementation Guide Project Documentation and Analysis Change and Transport Organizer Rl3 AUTHORIZATION SySTEM Security Concepts Principle of the Authorization Validation Profile Generator Outlook ApPLICATION SYSTEM INTERFACES Interface Adviser Data Transfer Programs Technologies for Permanent Interfaces REpORT GENERATION StandardReports ABAPI4 Query SAP SERVICES Professional Consulting Services Education and Training Services Support Services Online Information Services in Detail ADDITIONAL TOOLS Accelerators Computing Center Management System
11 XII Table of Contents Release Management GLOSSARy ABBREVIATIONS REFERENCES INDEX
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